太湖五里湖区表层沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物和同步提取金属

湖泊底泥中的酸溶硫化物易与二价金属生成难溶金属硫化物,从而制约沉积物中二价有毒金属的化学活性以及生物有效性,进而影响沉积物的环境质量.对沉积物中的酸溶硫化物(AVS)和同步提取金属(SEM)进行测定,依据SEM/AVS的比值可以判定重金属生物有效性.通过对太湖五里湖、梅梁湾表层沉积物夏季和秋季AVS与SEM的采样分析,结果表明:研究区域内AVS的含量夏季高于秋季,SEM受季节影响很小,SEM/AVS大于1,且秋季高于夏季,初步判断该湖区沉积物中重金属具有潜在的生物毒性.     

沙石质建筑垃圾不同覆盖方式防风固沙效益

为了解沙石质建筑垃圾不同覆盖方式防风固沙效益,在野外对不同覆盖方式的风蚀风积量、风沙流特征、土壤水分、植被生长状况进行了观测研究。结果表明：（1）不同覆盖方式年风蚀量较流沙减少了91%以上,其中平铺覆盖方式固沙效果好于带状和方格覆盖方式。平铺覆盖方式和流沙风沙流结构呈幂、指数函数分布,带状、方格覆盖方式呈多项式函数分布;（2）不同覆盖方式较流沙显著提高了土壤容积含水率（P<0.05）,平铺方式保水效果好于方格和带状覆盖方式。覆盖度30%平铺、1.5 m×1.5 m方格和宽1.5 m带状土壤各层平均容积含水率比流沙分别提高了3.1%、2.8%和1.5%;（3）不同的覆盖方式较流沙显著增加了植被盖度（P<0.05）,其中平铺方式群落多样性指数最高。覆盖度30%平铺植被盖度较流沙提高了5%。1.5 m×1.5 m方格覆盖方式植被群落多样性指数最低,植被盖度最高,较流沙提高了14%。     

Seismoelectric measurements in a porous quartz‐sand sample with anisotropic permeability

Seismoelectric coupling coefficients are difficult to predict theoretically because they depend on a large numbers of rock properties, including porosity, permeability, tortuosity, etc. The dependence of the coupling coefficient on rock properties such as permeability requires experimental data. In this study, we carry out a set of laboratory measurements to determine the dependence of seismoelectric coupling coefficient on permeability. We use both an artificial porous “sandstone” sample, with cracks, built using quartz‐sand and Berea sandstone samples. The artificial sample is a cube with 39% porosity. Its permeability levels are anisotropic: 14.7 D, 13.8 D, and 8.3 D in the x‐, y‐, and z‐directions, respectively. Seismoelectric measurements are performed in a water tank in the frequency range of 20 kHz–90 kHz. A piezoelectric P‐wave source is used to generate an acoustic wave that propagates through the sample from the three different (x, y, and z) directions. The amplitudes of the seismoelectric signal induced by the acoustic waves vary with the direction. The highest signal is in the direction of the highest permeability, and the lowest signal is in the direction of the lowest permeability. Since the porosity of the sample is constant, the results directly show the dependence of seismoelectric coefficients on permeability. Seismoelectric measurements with natural rocks are performed using Berea sandstone 500 and 100 samples. Because the Berea samples are nearly isotropic in permeability, the amplitudes of the seismoelectric signals induced in the different directions are the same within the measurement error. Because the permeability of Berea 500 is higher than that of Berea 100, the amplitude of the seismoelectric signals induced in Berea 500 is higher than those in Berea 100. To determine the relative contributions of porosity and permeability on seismoelectric conversion, we carried out an analysis, using Pride (1994) formulation and Kozeny–Carman relationship; the normalized amplitudes of seismoelectric coupling coefficients in three directions are calculated and compared with the experimental results. The results show that the seismoelectric conversion is related to permeability in the frequency range of measurements. This is an encouraging result since it opens the possibility of determining the permeability of a formation from seismoelectric measurements.     

地理国情普查中高分辨率遥感影像自动分类技术研究

地表覆盖分类是我国地理国情普查的重要内容.地理国情普查要求的地物类别非常细致,对影像分类技术提出了很大的挑战.本文总结了山西省地理国情普查试点中的实践经验,结合面向对象分类技术、人工实地采集分类样本及分层次分类的思想,并加入适当的人工干预过程,提出了一个利用高分辨率遥感影像进行国情监测影像分类的方案.试验表明本文方案能够兼顾作业效率和分类精度,为我国国情普查的工程化作业提供了一条可行的备选技术路径.     

Use of stable water isotopes to identify hydrological processes of meteoric water in montane catchments

This study analyzes the stable isotopic compositions of hydrogen and oxygen (δ²H, δ¹⁸O) in montane meteoric waters including precipitation and stream water of central Taiwan to identify hydrological processes in montane catchments. Results of precipitation demonstrate that monsoon and altitude effects are two principal processes affecting δ and deuterium excess (d^E) values of inland precipitation in central Taiwan. Furthermore, slope and intercept values of summer and winter local meteoric water line are modified by secondary evaporation effects such as moisture recycling and raindrop evaporation. Additionally, stream water's results indicate that differences in δ values among stream waters reflect isotopic altitude effect whereby lower values are more evident in stream water originating from high‐elevation catchments than low‐elevation catchments. Comparison of the isotopic results between precipitation and stream water indicates that summer precipitation containing recycled moisture is the most important water source for the studied stream waters and indicates that catchment effect and base flow contribution are the two major hydrological processes affecting mountain stream hydrology. The hydrological processes identified by the isotopic study re‐stress the important role of forests in mountain hydrology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于核磁共振的脆硬性泥页岩水化损伤演化研究

为研究脆硬性泥页岩水化后细观结构的损伤演化特征,利用核磁共振技术对不同浸泡时间的脆硬性泥页岩试样进行测量,得到不同浸泡时间的试样质量变化、横向弛豫时间T2谱分布以及核磁共振成像。结果表明：水化作用会对岩石内部产生损伤,岩样吸水率在最初的8 h内变化相对较大,1 d后相对接近稳定,之后变化不明显。随着浸泡时间的延长,微裂缝在水化的作用下快速扩展、贯通使岩样表面产生明显裂纹。核磁共振T2谱图和成像结果表明,水化作用使岩样微观结构重新分布,T2曲线信号幅度发生明显的变化,并随着浸泡时间的延长而增加。整个水化损伤分为3个阶段：大尺寸孔隙裂纹发展阶段;小孔隙产生、大尺寸孔隙裂纹加剧扩展;小孔隙加剧产生扩展、大尺寸孔隙裂纹归并贯通至水化破坏阶段。核磁共振图像显示同一块岩样在不同浸泡时间的内部微观结构分布,动态地显示岩石的水化损伤过程。     

福建地区现今地壳运动与形变研究

利用福建地区GPS地震监测网2003、2005和2008年3期的观测资料,计算了GPS点位运动速率和2008年切应变的分布。结果显示：GPS点位运动矢量的主要方向是东偏南,大小在40 mm左右。2003—2005年和2005—2008年两个时期的速度场量值差异不大,但运动方向有所改变。切应变在莆田至福州以及泉州至莆田,越靠主干断裂剪切应变越小,断裂两侧剪切应变差异不显著;厦门至漳州沿海一带,向沿海方向剪切应变逐渐增大;在厦门至泉州之间靠近厦门一侧,存在相对较大的剪切应变梯度带。     

Research and development on foam breaking and recycling technology in air-foam drilling

In recent years, air-foam combining the advantages of both liquid and air drilling has been utilized as a drilling medium. Air-foam drilling has proved its efficiency in numerous situations where serious problems were encountered, such as in fractured formations and depleted or high permeable zones. However, the major disadvantage of air-foam drilling system is that the foam can only be used once, so that an extremely large pit is required to contain the foam to allow sufficient room for cuttings and for the foam to dissipate. Moreover, it needs enormous volume prepared, consuming abundance of water and ingredient additives, which results in the high cost of foam drilling. The recycling foam fluid by using foam breaking technology is the only effective method to solve these problems associated with the known foam drilling. Various types of equipment and technique have been employed to suppress foam formation in biological and process equipment in foam drilling. The study described various methods of foam breaking technology, and the trend of the foam breaking technology for foam drilling is discussed.     

GPS精密单点定位中对流层延迟模型改正法与参数估计法的比较

对GPS对流层延迟改正的两种方法——UNB3模型改正法和参数估计法进行深入的探讨。在精密单点定位程序中,分别利用两种方法对IGS跟踪站数据进行坐标计算。结果表明,参数估计法在高程方向上的精度优于UNB3模型改正法,平面坐标精度相当;UNB3模型改正法在收敛速度上略优于参数估计法。     

福建外来船舶压舱水中浮游植物种类组成与丰度及其影响因素的初步研究

2006～2008年间对进入福建沿海4个主要港口的12艘国际航船所携带的压舱水进行浮游植物种类组成和丰度分布的调查.此调查共检测出浮游植物7个门86属239种（含变种和变型）,77μm孔径网滤样和20μm孔径网滤样的平均藻类丰度分别为1.2×10^2cells/dm^3（变动在0～9.1×10^2cells/dm^3间）和3.4×10^3cells/dm^3（变动在0～3.0×10^4cells/dm^3间）.同时对其中6艘船舶的压舱水样品用f/2培养基培养,共有13种硅藻和1种甲藻被成功培养.文中还分析了压舱水中浮游植物丰度与盐度、水龄的关系,并结合历史资料讨论了压舱水里各类浮游植物的分布.