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941.
Zihao JIN Guanghui YUAN Yingchang CAO Keyu LIU Yanzhong WANG Jianye SUN Xiluo HAO Ling ZHOU Yihan WEI Shuqi WU 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2022,65(2):299-316
During the burial processes of deep/ultra-deep hydrocarbon reservoirs,the interactions between hydrocarbon-bearing fluids and reservoirs significantly affect the quality evolution of hydrocarbons and reservoirs;thus,this topic requires further investigation.In this study,the continuous evolution and the coupling mechanisms in various anhydrous and hydrous nC16H34-(water)-(calcite)systems in fused silica capillary capsules(FSCCs)were investigated using laser Raman spectroscopy,fluorescence color analysis,and fluorescence spectroscopy,and the mineral alterations were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The experimental results show that extensive organic-inorganic interactions occur in the systems if water is present,and different inorganic components have different effects on hydrocarbon degradation.Distilled water promotes freeradical thermal cracking and steps oxidation,forming more low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons,CO2,and organic acids(e.g.,acetic acids)but suppresses the free-radical cross-linking,generating less high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.However,in the presence of CaCl2 water,the yields of hydrocarbon gases are lower than in the distilled water system because high concentrations of Ca ions inhibit the generation of free radicals.Calcites,which exhibit different surface reactivities in different fluid conditions,affect hydrocarbon degradation in different ways.In the anhydrous nC16H34-calcite system,calcites promote the generation of both hydrocarbon gases and high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.In contrast,in the hydrous nC16H34-distilled(CaCl2)watercalcite system,calcites promote the generation of hydrocarbon gases and suppress the generation of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.Calcite also reacts with organic acids via surface reactions to form secondary pores.Therefore,except for the formation temperature and pressure,organic-inorganic interactions are controlled by multiple factors,such as the water saturation,water type,water salinity,and the mineral content,resulting in different evolutions of the hydrocarbon degradation and reservoir properties. 相似文献
942.
人类活动和社会经济迅速发展导致大量化学品排放进入地表水环境,对水生生态系统和人类健康产生诸多不利影响,如何从众多的化学品中筛选识别出具有潜在危害的优先污染物是水污染治理和管控的关键.本研究基于污染物环境暴露水平、持久性、生物累积性、生态风险和人体健康风险5个评价参数,构建多指标综合评分法定量筛选识别地表水环境优先污染物类别,并应用于涨渡湖水体中优先污染物清单的建立.污染物环境暴露水平基于靶向分析综合考虑了污染物环境实测浓度和检出频率.目标污染物持久性和生物累积性毒害性参数分别采用生物降解系数和正辛醇-水分配系数来表征.此外在物种敏感度分布法和评估因子法的基础上计算生态风险熵以定量表征生态风险,人体健康风险则由终生致癌风险指数或危害指数来表征.基于该多指标综合评分法可于涨渡湖水体7类151种特征污染物中筛查出41种优先污染物,主要包括11种多氯联苯、8种有机氯农药、6种多环芳烃、4种邻苯二甲酸酯、4种挥发性有机物和8种金属元素.鉴于不同地表水环境污染状况不同,通过多指标综合评分法可建立因地制宜的优先污染物清单,从而有利于形成以保护水生生物和人类健康为最终目标的优先污染物水质基准,为地表水环境污染物管控及治理提供方法学支撑和科学依据. 相似文献
943.
944.
Uniform head in horizontal and vertical wells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The steady-state head within a fully penetrating well may be estimated by evaluating the Thiem equation at the radius of the well. A method is presented here to extend results from the Thiem equation to horizontal wells and to partially penetrating wells. The particular model used in this investigation is based upon the analytic element method; it accurately reproduces a boundary condition of uniform head along the cylindrical surface at the perforated face of the well. This model is exercised over a representative range of parameters including the well's length, radius, and pumping rate, and the aquifer's hydraulic conductivity and thickness. Results are presented in a set of figures and tables that compare the well's drawdown to the drawdown that would have been obtained using the Thiem solution with the same pumping rate and radius. A methodology is presented to estimate the head within a horizontal or partially penetrating well by adding a correction term to results that can be readily obtained from computer models of vertical fully penetrating wells. This approach may also be used to contrast the differences in head between horizontal and vertical wells of various lengths, radii, and placement elevations. 相似文献
945.
Wu Jiabing Guan Dexin Sun Xiaomin Zhang Mi Shi Tingting Han Shijie Jin Changjie 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(2):89-98
Based on the light-photosynthesis response measurement at leaf level, combined with over-and under-canopy eddy covariance measurements, research on photosynthetic characteristics of single trees and forest canopy was conducted. The relationship between light intensity and photosynthetic rates for leaves and canopy can be well fitted by a non-rectangular hyperbola model. Mongolian oak presented a high light compensation point, L cp (28 μmol·m?2·s?1), a light saturation point L sp (>1800 μmol·m?2·s?1), and a maximal net photosynthetic rate P max (9.96 μmol·m?2·s?1), which suggest that it is a typical heliophilous plant. Mono maple presented the highest apparent quantum efficiency α (0.066) but the lowest, L cp (16 μmol·m?2·s?1), L sp (≈800 μmol·m?2·s?1), and P max (4.51 μmol·m?2·s?1), which suggest that it is heliophilous plant. Korean pine showed the lowest α value but a higher P max, which suggest that it is a semi-heliophilous plant. At the canopy level, the values of both α and P max approached the upper limit of reported values in temperate forests, while L cp was within the lower limit. Canopy photosynthetic characteristics were well consistent with those of leaves. Both showed a high ability to photosynthesize. However, environmental stresses, especially high vapor pressure deficits, could significantly reduce the photosynthetic ability of leaves and canopy. 相似文献
946.
利用JM—3型数字金膜测汞仪对渭河盆地活动断层进行壤中气汞测量,取得了初步结果。认为,壤中气汞异常与活动断层存在着密切的关系,通过测汞寻找隐伏活动断层,判定断层活动性是可行的。 相似文献
947.
948.
本文根据Okubo等人测量圣安德烈斯断层系所用的复盖维数法,对海原断层系进行了分形测量,求出海原断层系的整体维数D_0=1.137,其景泰段D_0=1.109,海原段D_0=1.182。计算中未得到邵家水段和李使堡段的分维数。此外,文中还着重探讨了断层几何与地震活动性及其力学环境的关系,进一步证明了自相似断层的几何复杂性与地震活动密切相关,剪切断裂带具较低分维数(1.1—1.3),而在张性环境中形成的断裂体系具较高的分维数(1.5—1.6)。最后本文讨论了断层迹线图等因素对分形测量精度的影响。 相似文献
949.
本文叙述了大地电磁视电阻率和阻抗相位资料联合解释的原理与计算方法。通过具体算例的分析,表明该方法是正确有效的,而且在缩小多解性方面,要比单纯的视电阻率资料反演法或阻抗相位资料反演法优越 相似文献
950.