有关金刚石成因等若干重大问题的新认识

本文从世界范围内阐述金刚石的分布。来源,成因及其形成条件和保存条件,找出了找矿方向,开拓了找矿思路,扩大了找矿领域,对于发现和突破金伯利岩型,橄榄金云火山岩型及新类型的金刚石原生矿床,具有指导意义。     

东营凹陷广饶海相灰岩油藏的勘探与成因机制探讨

山东东营凹陷南部的广饶油藏为一奥陶系灰岩残丘山整带含稠油的大潜山油藏,其埋藏深度为６３４．４￣１５７５．０ｍ,现已探明含油面积３０．７ｋｍ＾２。１９９０年发现一个山头含油,１９９１￣１９９３年发现多个山头含油,１９９６￣１９９７年在各山头之间的部位钻探,结果探明潜山带南部整带含油。地质和地球化学资料分析证实,该油藏不仅是今生储潜山油藏,还是烃类经基岩风化壳运移、聚集而形成的稠油油藏。形成稠油的主要     

Effect of temperature and size on metallothionein synthesis in the gill of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cadmium

Although the degree of metal contamination is expected to be a primary determinant of metallothionein (MT) induction in marine mussels, at least at polluted sites, variability caused by temperature, and biotic factors such as size, may need to be considered when interpreting field data. To test the effects of these variables, mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, of different sizes (small: 3.5 +/- 0.5 cm and large: 5.2 +/- 0.7 cm) were exposed to Cd (100 microg l(-1)) at different water temperatures (5, 18 and 25 degrees C) for 34 days. Resultant Cd and MT concentrations in gills were shown to be size dependent and increased significantly with temperature. At the highest temperature tested (25 degrees C) there appears to be a disproportionate effect on Cd accumulation, which raises MT synthesis to exceptionally high levels. The effect of size on MT concentrations was also temperature-dependent: at 18 and 25 degrees C, large mussels exhibited higher MT levels than smaller individuals, whilst at 5 degrees C there were no significant differences between contaminated and control mussels, in either size-group, as a result of the reduced level of MT production at this temperature. When considering the use of MT levels in mussels as a biochemical indicator of metal contamination, the potential influence of factors such as size and temperature on MT-metal relationships needs to be considered. Samples should be of uniform size as far as possible, and collection should be limited to a fixed season (avoiding climatic extremes) to ensure that the effects of these factors on baseline levels of MT is minimised.     

Toe Structure Stability of Sloping Breakwater

1 .IntroductionTheslopingbreakwateriswidelyusedintheprotectionofcoastalstructures ,withrubblemoundtoebermbuiltatthefootofthewave attackingslope .Thefunctionofarubblemoundtoestructureis ,inadditiontodecreasingthequantityofmainarmorstoneused ,toprovidestaticsupporttothemainarmorlayer,avoidingtherollingdownofmainarmorstonesandprotectingtheapronstonesfromero sion .TheweightoftoebermstonesisdecidedaccordingtotheCodeofBreakwaterDesignandBuildingformulatedbytheMinistryofCommunicationsofChina .When…     

Molecular cloning of superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) from aquatic molluscs

The potential of the first line of the active oxygen-scavenging system, partial cDNA encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) was isolated in three aquatic mollusc species: Ruditapes decussatus (marine clam), Dreissena polymorpha (continental water mussel) and Bathymodiolus azoricus (hydrothermal vent mussel). These SOD cDNA fragments were amplified by PCR with degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from the amino acid sequence conserved in the Cu/Zn-SOD from several other organisms. A partial cDNA of CuZn-SOD was obtained for R. decussates (510 bp), D. polymorpha (510 bp) and B. azoricus (195 bp). The deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarity among the three mollusc species (57-63%) and among other species (50-65%). The residues involved in coordinating copper (His-47, 49, 64, 121) and zinc (His-64, 72, 81 and Asp-84) were well conserved among the three Cu/Zn-SOD sequences.     

Adaptation to metal toxicity: a comparison of hydrothermal vent and coastal shrimps

Rainbow vent field is one of the most metal‐contaminated hydrothermal sites on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near the Azores region. Two hydrothermal shrimp species dominate the fauna at the Rainbow site along with the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. Although the levels of essential and non‐essential metals in these shrimps have been studied, the biological consequences of a metal‐rich environment are still largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the levels of metal‐binding proteins – metallothioneins (MT) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase, catalase, total glutathione peroxidase and selenium‐dependent glutathione peroxidase in two hydrothermal vent shrimps (Mirocaris fortunata and Rimicaris exoculata) collected from the Rainbow site and to compare them with two coastal shrimps (Palaemon elegans and Palaemonetes varians) from a south Portugal lagoon (Ria Formosa) to evaluate their different adaptation strategies towards metals in their environment. Results show significant differences in MT levels and antioxidant enzymatic activities between vent and coastal shrimps and also between shrimp species collected from the same site. This suggests that biochemical responses in both vent and coastal shrimps are affected not only by the environmental characteristics but also by inter‐specific differences. Nevertheless, these responses apparently confer successful adaptation for survival in a metal‐extreme environment.     

On the Vibration Reduction Effect of Offshore Platform Vibration Distribution Structure

Based on the Bohai ocean environment characteristics, a new platform vibration distribution structure is designed to reduce the platform vibration due to flowing ice. The effect of the earthquake wave and ocean wave load on this vibration distribution structure is considered in the design. The principal idea of this new vibration distribution structure is dividing the platform main column into the inner tube and the outer tube. The outer tube is connected with the leg pontoon by braces, while the inner tube is used to support the platform deck. The inner tube and outer tube can be connected or disconneted in the region near the water line. For evaluating the vibration reduction effect of such a structure, tests are carried out on a steel model, and the external load of flowing ice, earthquake wave and ocean wave are simulated by concentated random load applied to different points of the model. The tests are performed in water media and air media respectively. The vibration reduction effect is evaluated     

Effect of cadmium, copper and mercury on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in the gills of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus

Metals are known to influence lipid peroxidation and oxidative status of marine organisms. Hydrothermal vent mussels Bathymodiolus azoricus live in deep-sea environments with anomalous conditions, including high metal concentrations. Although B. azoricus are aerobic organisms they possess abundant methano and thioautotrophic symbiotic bacteria in the gills. The enzymatic defences (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total glutathione peroxidase (Total GPx) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se–GPx)) and lipid peroxidation were determined in the gills of B. azoricus exposed to Cd (0.9 μM), Cu (0.4 μM) and Hg (0.1 μM) with different times of exposure. The experiments were performed in pressurized containers at 9 ± 1 °C and 85 bars.Results show that vent mussels possess antioxidant enzymatic protection in the gills. Cd and Cu had an inhibitory effect in the enzymatic defence system, contrarily to Hg. These enzymatic systems are not completely understood in the B. azoricus, since reactive oxygen species might be produced through other processes than natural redox cycling, due to hydrogen sulphide and oxygen content present. Also the symbiotic bacteria may play an important contribution in the antioxidant protection of the gills.     

卵磷脂强化活饵料对真鲷仔稚鱼生长、存活的影响

海水仔稚鱼营养研究，特别是在n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸和卵磷脂等方面，国外已取得显著进展。迄今，我国鱼类营养研究基本集中于幼鱼和成鱼阶段，仔稚鱼阶段所见报道甚少。目前，我国养殖的名贵海鱼，其生产性育苗因在仔稚鱼阶段易出现大量死亡，成活率一般低于20%，因而尽快提高海鱼生产性育苗的成活率已成为急需解决的关键问题。 毋庸置疑，仔鱼在从吸收卵黄内源营养转变为摄取轮虫、卤虫等外源营养后，某些营养要素的缺乏、不足是导致仔稚鱼大量死亡的一个重要原因。采用乳化油强化活饵料的方法，在完成n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸对黑鲷仔稚鱼生长、存活影响的基础上(刘镜恪等，1997)，本项研究进一步探讨卵磷脂对真鲷(Pagrus major)仔稚鱼生长、存活的影响。     

Essential Features of Tectonic Movement Revealed by Crustal Vertical Deformations in the Mainland of China

Based on the precise reieveling data of more than 260,000 km carried out from 1950 to 1991 in the Chinese mainland,recent crustal vertical movement is studied.By means of some quantitative indices,such as the pattern of crustal vertical movement,the intensity of differential movement,the maximum gradient and its distribution,etc.,the properties of movements are analyzed on a large scale.The results suggest that all the properties have a profound tectonic background of their own and are closely related to the zoning and seismic activity of active subplates.The driving force for the movement comes mainly from the northward push of the India plate acting on the Eurasia plate.The effects of motions of the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates in the east are much less significant.