彩色多普勒血流显像诊断喉癌的探讨

目的：探讨超声及彩色多普勒血流显像诊断喉癌的应用价值及与CT检查的初步对比。方法是经颈部直接扫查10例喉癌癌肿，观察高频声像图中肿块的大小、形态、边界、内部回声、应用CDFI观察肿块内部及周边彩色血流并根据其丰富程度采用半定量法分级。结果：得到10例喉癌中高频超声检出9例，肿块显示率90％（9／10），绝大多数肿块为不均质低回声（8／9，占895），肿块血流信号显示率100％（9／9），血流丰富程度以Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级为主，结论为超声能够清晰显示喉部正常组织结构，肿块检出率较高，结合使用CDFI观察肿块的血流信号，对喉癌的诊断有较高的应用价值。     

Distribution of ephemeral plants and their significance in dune stabilization in Gurbantunggut Desert

Based on systematically monitoring plants on dune ridges in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert in 2002, this paper, from the angle of dune stabilization by vegetation, describes the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of ephemeral plants on isolated sand dunes, analyses the natural invasion processes of ephemeral plants on human-disturbed sand surface and expounds the importance of ephemeral plants in stabilizing sand dune surface. A total of 45 plant species were identified in the study area, 29 of which are ephemeral plants. Ephemeral plants sprouted in early April and completed their life-circle within about two months. Just as aeolian sand activities came to the strongest stage from April to June in desert regions of northern Xinjiang, the total coverage of trees, shrubs and herbs of long vegetational period on most dune ridges was less than 10%, while the mean coverage of ephemeral plants reached 13.9% in April, 40.2% in May and 14.1% in June. Therefore ephemeral plants acted as the major contributor to dune surface stabilization in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Investigations of vegetation restoration on engineering-disturbed dune surface show that ephemeral plants first recolonized the disturbed dune surface.     

Determination of the Status of Desertification in the Capital of Mauritania and Development of A Strategy for Combating It

Mauritania, located in the Western Sahara, is one of the least developed countries in the Sahara Desert. Its capital, Nouakchott, which is home to 23% of its population, suffers from soil erosion from the Sahara and saltwater intrusion from the Atlantic Ocean. The local environment is under pressure from the combined effects of climate and socio-economic factors, with desertification being recognized as the greatest threat to life. In this context, high-resolution remote sensing images of Nouakchott obtained during the winters of 1985, 1988, 2000, 2006, and 2010 are selected for interpretation and classification. Analysis of the types of desertification and land use reveals the temporal and spatial characteristics of five distinct time periods from 1985 to 2010. This study analyzes the current status of desertification in Nouakchott and suggests five preventive measures.     

过硫酸盐氧化法测定海水中溶解总磷

实验研究在碱性和酸性条件下过二硫酸钾高温氧化四种不同类型含磷标准化合物在海水中的回收率和影响回收率的因素。结果表明 :在碱性条件下过二硫酸钾高温氧化可使海水中非聚磷类化合物完全回收 ,而聚磷类化合物回收率不高 ,延长消化时间聚磷类化合物的回收率有一定提高。除个别化合物外 ,各类含磷化合物在酸性条件下可被定量回收。依此 ,建立酸性过硫酸盐氧化法分解测定海水中溶解态总磷的方法。     

基于综合承载力的北京市适度人口研究

北京作为中国的政治、经济和文化中心,资源短缺、交通拥堵和生态环境恶化等问题日益严重,确定其适度人口规模,对引导区域人口合理流动和环境保护具有一定的现实意义。本文基于综合承载力,对已有的适度人口模型进行了改进：利用主成分分析法和熵权法确定生态、经济和资源承载系统的权重;经济承载人口测算指标不局限于地区生产总值（GDP）这一单一指标;资源承载人口综合考虑了土地资源和水资源承载力。本文通过综合分析2004-2014年北京各项承载人口和适度人口,结果表明：① 生态承载人口规模在波动中有增长的趋势,由717.38万人上升至753.14万人,一直处于人口超载状态;② 经济承载人口一直处于富余状态,但规模由5297.18万人减少至3802.06万人。第三产业产值所承载的人口对经济承载人口的贡献最大,在2014年达到65.15%;③ 资源承载人口规模处于波动状态,2014年为139.61万人,超载率逐年增加。土地资源承载力对资源承载人口的贡献大于水资源,2014年贡献率达79.91%;④ 北京市适度人口规模从2004年的2031.15万人减少至2014年的1550.67万人,2008年开始出现人口赤字,且人口超载率逐年攀升。经济承载人口对适度人口贡献率维持在80%以上,生态和资源承载人口的贡献率平均值分别为14%和3%。人口资源压力指数在波动中有上升的趋势,从2004年的9.45上升至2014年的15.41,资源约束已经成为阻碍城市发展的主要因素,经济承载力是维持适度人口规模缓慢减小的主要动力。     

新疆策勒沙漠—绿洲过渡带水平输沙通量

新疆策勒沙漠-绿洲过渡带的天然植被对绿洲内部的农田起到了很好的保护作用,具有良好的防风阻沙效益。对策勒沙漠-绿洲过渡带的流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地的水平输沙通量和风速进行了分析。结果表明：（1）近地表的输沙通量和平均风速从流沙地至半固定、固定沙地大幅度地减少。在0～202.5 cm高度范围,半固定沙地、固定沙地水平输沙通量相比流沙地分别少了56.91%、90.23%;在0～70 cm高度范围内,输沙通量分别少了85.31%、99.55%;（2）平均风速越大,半固定沙地、固定沙地相比流沙地的输沙通量减少得愈多,流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地近地表输沙通量与平均风速分别服从指数、线性和多项式函数关系;（3）策勒沙漠-绿洲过渡带的有效宽度不小于1.74 km,才能保护绿洲免受风沙危害。     

Wind erosion and dust emissions in central Asia: Spatiotemporal simulations in a typical dust year

The prediction of wind erosion and dust emissions is important for controlling erosion and identifying dust sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world. This study predicts quantitatively wind erosion and dust emissions in Xinjiang Province, central Asia. The wind erosion prediction system (WEPS) was used to simulate annual soil and PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) loss at 64 meteorological stations across the province. Soil and PM10 loss were simulated from bare surfaces at all 64 stations and from cotton and wheat fields at 11 stations. Simulated annual bare soil and PM10 loss were lowest in the Junggar (soil and PM10 loss were, respectively, 121.7 and 7.6 kg m^-2) and Tarim basins (soil loss was 78.2 kg ha^-1 and PM10 loss was 6.5 kg m^-2) and highest in the Tu-ha Basin (soil and PM10 loss were, respectively, 638.2 and 37.7 kg m^-2). Stations with the highest annual soil loss in the Tarim and Tu-ha basins also had the highest number of days with wind speeds >8 m s^-1. This indicated wind influenced erosion, but other factors such as soil type also affect wind erosion. The maximum monthly bare soil and PM10 loss occurred in May in the three basins, substantiating that dust storms occur most frequently during spring in the region. Simulated soil and PM10 loss were lower for cotton and wheat than bare soil, thus suggesting that maintaining vegetative cover during a portion of the year provided some protection to the soil surface from wind erosion. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川南芙蓉矿区煤储层特征及合层压裂改造工艺研究

基于中国地质调查局组织施工的川高参1井资料,分析了川南芙蓉矿区上二叠统宣威组煤储层特征,优选C_(6+7)和C_8煤层采用大液量、中高排量、中砂比、变粒径支撑剂、多级阶梯式加砂工艺实施了合层水力压裂改造,并通过地面微地震监测及排采试验评价,验证了储层改造效果。研究表明:研究区薄—中厚煤层群发育,主要为原生结构无烟煤,煤层孔隙度2.2%～4.6%,渗透率(0.013～0.027)×10~(-3)μm~2,属低孔低渗型储层。井区内C_(6+7)、C_8煤层厚度大且稳定,埋深适中,含气量、含气饱和度高,储层压力梯度高异常,有利于煤层气富集并在储层改造基础上开发。C_(6+7)与C_8合层压裂过程中,通过增大前置液量比例,缓慢提高泵注排量,注前置液阶段多段塞降滤失,细中粒石英砂支撑剂组合等压裂工艺优化措施,提高活性水压裂液造缝及携砂能力。地面微地震监测显示,川高参1井压裂裂缝以NW—SE向垂直缝为主,裂缝长度、宽度及影响体积都较大,有效改善了井筒周围煤储层的导流能力;后续排采试验阶段,最高日产气量达8307 m~3,连续90天稳产6000 m~3/d以上,创西南地区直井单井最高日产量和稳定产气量新高,实现了区域煤层气勘查重大突破。