Analysis of the contribution of multiple factors to the recent decrease in discharge and sediment yield in the Yellow River Basin,China

The Yellow River basin is well known for its high sediment yield. However, this sediment yield has clearly decreased since the 1980s, especially after the year 2000. The annual average sediment yield was 1.2 billion tons before 2000, but has significantly decreased to 0.3 billion tons over the last 10 years. Changes in discharge and sediment yield for the Yellow River have attracted the attention of both the Central Government and local communities. This study aimed to identify the individual contributions of changes in precipitation and human activities (e.g. water conservancy projects, terracing, silt dams, socio-economic and needs, and soil and water conservation measures) to the decrease in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River. The study used both improved the hydrological method and the soil and water conservation method. The study focused on discharge analysis for the upper reaches and the investigation of sediments for the middle reaches of the river. The results showed that discharge and sediment yield have both presented significant decreasing trends over the past 50 years. Precipitation showed an insignificant decreasing trend over the same period. The annual average discharge decreased by 5.68 billion m³ above Lanzhou reach of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2012; human activities (e.g. socio-economic water use) contributed 43.4% of the total reduction, whereas natural factors (e.g. evaporation from lakes, wetlands and reservoirs) accounted for 56.6%. The decrease in annual discharge and sediment yield of the section between Hekouzhen station and Tongguan station were 12.4 billion m³ and 1.24 billion tons, respectively. Human activities contributed 76.5% and 72.2% of the total reduction in discharge and sediment yield, respectively, and were therefore the dominant factors in the changes in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River.     

Tracing submarine groundwater discharge flux in Tolo Harbor,Hong Kong (China)

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway for groundwater and associated chemicals to discharge to the sea. Groundwater levels monitored along a transect perpendicular to the shoreline are used to calculate SGD flux from the nearshore aquifer to Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong (China). The calculated SGD flux—recharge/discharge measured with Darcy’s Law methods—agrees well with estimates based on geo-tracer techniques and seepage meter in Tolo Harbor during previous studies. The estimated freshwater SGD is 1.69–2.0 m²/d at the study site and 0.3?±?0.04 cm/d for the whole of Tolo Harbor, which is comparable to the river discharge (0.25?±?0.07 cm/d) and precipitation (0.45?±?0.15 cm/d). The tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone is 13.98–17.59 m²/d at the study site and 2.42?±?0.56 cm/d for the whole of Tolo Harbor. The SGD occurring in the subtidal zone and the bottom of Tolo Harbor is 3.12?±?4.63 cm/d. Fresh SGD accounts for ~5% of the total SGD, while the rest (~95%) is contributed by saline SGD driven by various forces. About 96% of the tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone occurs in the ebbing tide period because the head difference between the groundwater level and sea level is great during this period. Tide-driven SGD in the spring tide is ~1.2 times that during neap tide. The tidal fluctuation amplitude and tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone are positively correlated to each other; thus, a spring neap variation of the tide-driven SGD is observed.     

A comparative analysis of the NDVIg and NDVI3g in monitoring vegetation phenology changes in the Northern Hemisphere

Phenology is a sensitive and critical feature of vegetation and is a good indicator for climate change studies. The global inventory modelling and mapping studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been the most widely used data source for monitoring of the vegetation dynamics over large geographical areas in the past two decades. With the release of the third version of the NDVI (GIMMS NDVI3g) recently, it is important to compare the NDVI3g data with those of the previous version (NDVIg) to link existing studies with future applications of the NDVI3g in monitoring vegetation phenology. In this study, the three most popular satellite start of vegetation growing season (SOS) extraction methods were used, and the differences between SOSg and SOS3g arising from the methods were explored. The amplitude and the peak values of the NDVI3g are higher than those of the NDVIg curve, which indicated that the SOS derived from the NDVIg (SOSg) was significantly later than that derived from the NDVI3g (SOS3g) based on all the methods, for the whole northern hemisphere. In addition, SOSg and SOS3g both showed an advancing trend during 1982–2006, but that trend was more significant with SOSg than with SOS3g in the results from all three methods. In summary, the difference between SOSg and SOS3g (in the multi-year mean SOS, SOS change slope and the turning point in the time series) varied among the methods and was partly related to latitude. For the multi-year mean SOS, the difference increased with latitude intervals in the low latitudes (0–30°N) and decreased in the mid- and high-latitude intervals. The GIMMS NDVI3g data-sets seemed more sensitive than the GIMMS NDVIg in detecting information about the ground, and the SOS3g data were better correlated both with the in situ observations and the SOS derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer NDVI. For the northern hemisphere, previous satellite measures (SOS derived from GIMMS NDVIg) may have overestimated the advancing trend of the SOS by an average of 0.032 d yr^–1.     

如何用ArcGIS 9.3制作1∶10000地形图

随着1∶10 000数据的更新,制图文件已不再是附属产品,并逐步成为1∶10 000地形图制作过程中的重要环节。本文简要介绍了用ArcGIS 9.3制图的过程和注意事项。     

高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响

生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。     

东特提斯喜马拉雅下白垩统碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其古地理

东特提斯喜马拉雅在中生代位于东冈瓦纳大陆的结合部位,其古地理对于了解东冈瓦纳大陆裂解至关重要.对东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区沉积地层进行了详细的碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究.结果表明,东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区采样剖面沉积下限为126.6±2.7 Ma.碎屑锆石年龄谱显示东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区采样地层主要包含~520 Ma、~890 Ma和~1 200 Ma的特征峰值年龄,对比结果表明东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区沉积地层碎屑锆石年龄谱与印度东部和澳大利亚西南部地层碎屑锆石年龄谱具有一定的相似性.结合东冈瓦纳岩浆活动记录以及该剖面下部玄武岩年龄,东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区地层沉积于东特提斯喜马拉雅从东冈瓦纳大陆分离时期,其物质来源可能为印度东部、澳大利亚西南部以及南极大陆.      

HONO在γ-Al2O3(110)表面非均相氧化SO2机理的第一性原理研究

为研究亚硝酸(HONO)在γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面非均相氧化SO_2的机理,基于密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)的第一性原理计算了SO_2和HONO在γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面的吸附机制和氧化机制。结果表明,SO_2以分子的形式吸附在完整或缺陷的γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面,而HONO仅在完整表面上以分子的形式存在。表面氧缺陷的存在不仅会增强SO_2和HONO的吸附强度,而且能诱导HONO在含氧缺陷表面的分解(HONO→NO+·OH)。通过局域态密度(partial density of states,PDOS)和Mulliken电荷布局分析表明,HONO的分解遵循Haber-Weiss机制。当SO_2和HONO共同吸附在氧缺陷表面时,HONO分解产生·OH,氧化SO_2形成HOSO_2团簇分子。该研究不仅有助于理解HONO在矿物氧化物表面氧化SO_2的作用,而且为解释大气硫酸盐气溶胶的形成提供了理论依据。     

特提斯喜马拉雅铅锌锑金成矿带含炭质岩石中热液脉型矿床的综合电法勘探——以西藏扎西康铅锌锑多金属矿为例

扎西康铅锌锑多金属矿床产出于特提斯喜马拉雅炭质板岩的断裂带内,是特提斯喜马拉雅铅锌锑金成矿带内典型的热液脉型矿床。由于含炭质岩石和金属硫化物都呈现出相似的低阻高极化电性特征,加之热液脉型矿床的矿体普遍较小,使得在含炭质岩石中对金属硫化物矿体进行电法勘探存在较大困难。本文通过对扎西康矿床已知矿体的音频大地电磁测深和激电中梯测量,发现矿区的炭质板岩呈现低电阻率(10^-0.4~10⁰Ω·m)和高极化率(9%~20%)特征,而矿体呈现出高电阻率(10²~10³Ω·m)和低极化率(1%~5%)的特征。经研究分析,认为造成这种现象的原因有两方面：(1)扎西康炭质板岩中的炭质物质量分数平均为0.79%,变质温度约在300±25℃~340±25℃,炭质物电阻率为6.1×10^-5~6.8×10^-4Ω·m,显示极好的导电性;此外,炭质板岩中存在大量黏土矿物,黏土矿物的吸水性促进了炭质物的连通性,因此炭质物高导电性与连通性的耦合使得炭质板岩呈现低阻高极化电性特征;(2)扎西康矿床的脉型矿体除包含金属硫化物外,还产出大量的脉石矿物,脉石矿物普遍具有高阻低极化电性特征,是造成整个矿体在炭质板岩中呈现高阻低极化异常的根本原因。据此,本文提出在炭质板岩中通过识别脉石矿物引起的高阻低极化异常带间接找矿的新思路,相应的技术方法组合为：利用激电中梯测量定位高阻低极化带的平面位置,再利用音频大地电磁测深探测其深部产状。     

基于欧拉反褶积法的无人机航磁找矿应用

无人机航磁测量以其高效、安全、低成本等优点逐渐应用到中小面积大比例尺资源勘探领域。本文针对安徽芜湖市三山区22 km²区域构造刻画和找矿前景预测,开展1∶20 000高精度无人机航磁测量工作;推导了欧拉反演求解过程,并分析对比构造指数选取,使用构造指数为0的欧拉反褶积对航磁数据进行反演求解,获得地下磁异常体构造边界解集信息;将其应用到研究区域航磁数据反演,根据反演得到的边界位置和深度信息圈定了18处断裂,并结合异常特征给出了8.7 km²岩浆岩分布区,根据宁芜区域铁矿成矿特点,圈定岩浆分布区及边界为成矿详查区。