非常规油气地质理论与技术进展

当前对油气的开发从常规油气扩展到开采难度较大、开采成本较高的非常规油气。在不远的将来,将实现常规和非常规油气并举的局面。根据成因,可将非常规油气分为三大类:第一类为重油和油砂,为正常原油经过生物降解和水洗作用形成,分布广、潜力大,已被大量开采利用;第二类为致密油气、页岩油气和煤层气,主要特征是储集于孔渗条件极差储层中,属于连续型-大规模聚集油气藏,目前发展迅速,也是产量增长最快的领域;第三类为油页岩,是未成熟的干酪根与黏土和细粒无机矿物的混合物,有机质丰度高,要经过人工加热生成石油,油页岩发现很早,分布广泛,美国比例最高。由于对非常规油气的评价和勘探开发,带动了石油地质理论和勘探开发技术的不断创新。同时非常规储量规模巨大,相当于常规油气资源的2~3倍,勘探开发技术日趋完善,大大延长了石油工业的生命周期,引领石油工业跨越式发展。     

Advances in interscale and interdisciplinary approaches to the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) connects the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and acts as an important part in regional and global climate systems (e.g., Qu et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Multi-scale dynamic and biogeochemical processes in the SCS, comprising a hot spot in marginal sea studies, have attracted great attentions from researchers (e.g., Chen et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2020). The South China Sea Annual Meeting (SCSAM) 2021, recently held on October 22–24 in Zhanjiang, China, focused on academic exchanges of the newly research results and progresses in the interdisciplinary multi-scale processes in the SCS. The SCSAM 2021 is the eighth international workshop of the series, which started in April 2013 (Zhu, 2013) and renamed as SCSAM in 2018. There were 90 oral presentations and 57 posters in the meeting this year, which attracted attentions of more than 2000 audiences both on line and on site. This short article summaries the cutting-edge advances in interscale and interdisciplinary approaches to the SCS from the meeting presentations and the associated research.     

The morphotectonics and its evolutionary dynamics of the central Southwest Indian Ridge (49° to 51°E)

The morphotectonic features and their evolution of the central Southwest Indian Ridge （SWIR） are dis- cussed on the base of the high-resolution flfll-coverage bathyraetric data on the ridge between 49°-51°E. A comparative analysis of the topographic features of the axial and flank area indicates that the axial topogra- phy is alternated by the ridge and trough with en echelon pattern and evolved under a spatial-temporal mi- gration especially in 49°-50.17°E. It is probably due to the undulation at the top of the mantle asthenosphere, which is propagating with the mantle flow. From 50.17° to 50.7°E, is a topographical high terrain with a crust much thicker than the global average of the oceanic crust thickness. Its origin should be independent of the spreading mechanism of ultra-slow spreading ridges. The large numbers of volcanoes in this area indicate robust magmatic activity and may be related to the Crozet hot spot according to RMBA （residual mantle Bouguer anomaly）. The different geomorphological feature between the north and south flanks of the ridge indicates an asymmetric spreading, and leading to the development of the OCC （oceanic core complex）. The tectonic activity of the south frank is stronger than the north and is favorable to develop the OCC. The first found active hydrothermal vent in the SWIR at 37°47＇S, 49°39＇E is thought to be associated with the detach- ment fault related to the OCC.     

Distribution and Geochemical Characteristics of Hydrogen in Natural Gas from the Jiyang Depression, Eastern China

Hydrogen gas accelerates hydrocarbon generation, but little is known about its distribution and origin in petroliferous basins, which has hindered the further exploration.Taken the Jiyang Depression in eastern China as an example, this study collected natural gas from different tectonic units, and analyzed various geochemical characters including gas contents, and carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition.The result shows that:(1) hydrogen gas is widespread distributed, but its content is very low, which typically ranges from 0.01% to 0.1% in this region;(2) the ratios of H2/3He, indicative of the origins of hydrogen gas, suggest that mantle-derived hydrogen is dominant.Even in tectonically stable areas absent with deep fluid activities, there is also mantle-derived;(3) the isotopic composition of hydrogen falls in the range of –798‰ to –628‰(relative to VSMOW standard).In areas with deep-derived fluids, the hydrogen gas has a similar isotopic composition with the previously documented deep-sourced gas, with lighter isotopic composition.In contrast, hydrogen gas has a heavier isotopic composition in relatively stable areas.The isotopic signatures suggest that there is a mixture of mantle- and crust-derived hydrogen gas in the relatively stable area, which is consistent with the H2/3He ratios.Therefore, it is clear that the hydrogen gas has a much wider distribution than found in the deep-derived fluid area, resulting in a much broader area with hydrogenating effect for resource rock.This understanding will provide new insights for hydrocarbon generation research and resource assessment in petroliferous basins.     

粤西北印支期太保岩体的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

华南早中生代构造-岩浆演化还存在不同的争议.以广东西北部连山地区晚三叠世含暗色微粒包体(MMEs)的太保岩体为研究对象,进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究.4个花岗岩样品的锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为219.8±1.8 Ma、220.5±1.0 Ma、221.5±1...     

钢筋混凝土框架角节点抗剪强度试验研究

通过对6个钢筋混凝土框架梁柱角节点在低周反复荷载作用下的试验,调查了高强度节点箍筋、双向加载等对节点强度的影响。试验结果证明,节点强度试验值为规范设计值的85%左右,设计式应导入强度降低系数。高强度箍筋对节点强度提高影响很小,在节点强度设计时可忽略不计。双向加载的节点强度只有单向加载时的80%,节点抗震设计时角节点应作为所有边节点中最不利情况考虑。楼板虽然可以提高梁的强度及刚度,但对角节点强度及最大荷载后的节点延性有不利影响。     

云南地基GPS观测大气可降水量变化特征

利用2007年云南地基GPS站点观测资料,分析GPS反演的大气可降水量(PWV)变化特征,并用探空、实际降水量资料和GPS反演结果进行比较。结果表明:GPS/PWV能反映云南降水的季节变化特征,海拔较低的测站普遍比同期海拔较高的测站测得的GPS/PWV值高;GPS/PWV值与探空得到的大气水汽总量随时间演变趋势基本一致,其相关系数均达0.89;GPS/PWV变化周期和实际降水发生的周期基本相同,降水大多为GPS/PWV值连续增加达到峰值(或从峰值开始下降)后开始;GPS/PWV上升幅度较大或位于高位可作为连续性强降水过程出现的预报指标,但使用GPS/PWV峰值作预报指标时,还应考虑季节因素。     

基于ERAlnlerim资料的2003年淮河流域梅雨期水汽收支分析

以2003年6月29日-7月11日淮河流域梅雨期强降水为研究对象,采用ERAInterim再分析资料和站点降水资料,综合分析该期间慢降水时段水汽收支。结果表明：降水主要来自低层水汽辐合的贡献,而与低空急流相联系的水汽辐合具有显著的日变化,即后半夜至凌晨最大,午后最小,并由此造成了梅雨期强降水独特的日变化特征,最强降水出现在后半夜至凌晨;蒸发主要集中在白天,夜晚很小,数值约为降水量的15％,表明局地水循环的重要作用。针对淮河流域强降水区进行的水汽收支计算表明,水汽收支方程左、右两边数值在整个强降水时段具有较好的一致性,相关系数为0．77;对整个强降水期取时间平均,获得的水汽收支方程左、右两端数值的偏差为18％。     

基于LAPS资料的一次冰雹过程数值催化模拟研究

基于3维冰雹云模式,采用局地分析预报系统高时空分辨率分析场作为初始场,对鄂西北地区2009年4月15日发生的一次降雹天气过程进行数值模拟,分析了强对流发展过程的流场、雷达回波、水成物粒子演变特征以及催化机制。研究表明:基于高时空分辨率资料的3维冰雹云模式,能够较好地模拟冰雹云的形成发展演变及人工催化后微物理过程响应。模式输出的雷达回波强度及回波顶高与雷达实测资料相近,最大反射率因子分别为70 dBz、65 dBz,强回波中心基本上位于6~7 km处。冰雹云发展过程中呈现典型的低层辐合、高层辐散特征,消亡过程流场相反;冰雹胚胎形成主要源于冻滴自动转化,碰并云水和雨水促进冰雹增长;不同时间、不同剂量的催化对于防雹效果差异显著,催化时间越早,催化剂量越大,效果越好。     

豫西山区一次典型防雹作业方案宋建予设计及效果评估

利用2011年7月17日发生在豫西地区灵宝市寺河乡的一次典型防雹作业个例,从冰雹云的正确判别、作业方案的科学制定以及作业效果的尝试性评估等方面进行详细分析,设计了一种利用多普勒雷达产品确定作业部位、催化剂量和发射时机的防雹作业方案,为豫西地区科学开展人工防雹作业及其效果评估提供了一种新的思路：1）冰雹云的正确识别是人工防雹成功的关键,短期天气背景、气象要素场特征、探空资料以及雷达指标的分析可以及时判别出冰雹云。2）作业器具的选择、作业时机的把握、作业部位的判断、催化剂量的确定等都是决定人工防雹作业是否科学有效的重要因素,作业前必须认真科学地制定出防雹作业方案,减小人为的不确定性。3）在开展作业效果评估时,选取的对比云必须是与目标云具有相似的天气背景、云体特征和产生源地;另外,灾情实况也是效果评估的一个重要方面。