宁夏固原地区土壤地球化学背景值分析

土壤背景值反映了一定范围内自然环境与人类活动作用下元素指标含量的本底值。依据宁夏固原地区1∶25万土地质量地球化学调查取得的2 638件土壤样品,利用遍历循环迭代剔除和统计分析方法,得到了研究区表层土壤中53项元素的地球化学背景值和特征参数。通过与中国表层土壤丰度对比,发现研究区Cd、S含量明显高于全国表层土壤丰度,但处于安全限值内;不同地貌类型下的元素含量差异不仅受成土母质、成壤环境等外部自然条件的影响,也反映了人类活动对土壤环境的扰动。研究可为农业可持续开发与合理利用提供较为可靠的数据支撑。     

天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性

天然有机质是地表各种环境介质中的重要化学组分,分布广泛.越来越多的研究已经表明:它在地表生态系统的物理、化学和生物过程中都起着十分重要的作用;它与生态系统的各个重要环节密切相关,是生态系统中能量与物质循环的重要途径.因此,天然有机质不仅是生物地球化学、生态学和环境科学等研究领域的重要内容之一,而且也是环境污染的评价、预测和治理研究中的基础理论问题,是目前环境质量、毒理学、环境立法和管理研究共同关注的科学问题.本文主要以陆地地表淡水湖泊与河流水环境为例,对天然有机质的来源、化学结构、循环特征,与养分循环的耦合关系,对有毒金属元素和有机污染物迁移转化和毒性影响机理等几个方面的研究进展进行了简要的总结;针对我国水体富营养化和环境污染等重要环境问题,阐述当前应该采取的研究思路和存在的主要科学内容,并对现代有机环境与生物地球化学学科的研究趋势进行了展望.     

基于Sentinel-1/2动态耦合移栽期特征的水稻种植模式识别

及时准确地获取水稻种植模式变化对于有效防控“非粮化”和完成“双碳”目标具有重要意义。现有研究多基于固定时间窗口挖掘水稻生长期特征,且多使用的是单一卫星影像数据,难以应用于大范围水稻制图。本文通过Sentinel-1/2数据构建动态窗口提取移栽期光学/雷达特征,利用其耦合关系实现水稻种植模式制图。将该算法应用于湖南和江西两省水稻制图。基于1402个地面参考点位对水稻提取结果进行验证,总体精度达92.80%;在县域尺度上,湖南和江西两省水稻制图面积与农业统计数据也具有高度一致性,R²达0.85以上。相比于用固定窗口进行水稻特征提取,该方法具有较强的鲁棒性和迁移能力,为实现更大范围作物制图提取提供新的思路和参考依据。2018—2021年江西省水稻制图结果表明,水稻总种植面积减少9.47%,约3460 km²,水稻种植强度从1.62下降至1.49;在种植模式上,“双改中”趋势明显,双季稻种植面积锐减21.61%,其中约84%改种中稻。     

河流相油气储层的井震结合相控随机建模约束方法

河流相油气储层的研究传统上多是只依据井点资料,先在井上进行沉积相的划分,而后进行剖面相的分析,最后再结合平面沉积参数等值线图编制平面相图,这样往往会造成"见砂画河,吾跟勘探走"的局面,这种平面相图在井间可能存在着较大的误差。然而,平面相图的正确与否直接影响着储层建模中相控的结果。为此作者提出了一种井震结合进行沉积相图编制的新方法,即"以河找砂,指导勘探行"的思路,并在此基础上进行分层次地相控约束随机建模。同时提出相控建模的三个基本的约束条件,即首先要保证随机建模模型的"相序"符合地质规律;其次要保证建模实现的微相分布统计概率与单井沉积微相数据离散化至三维网格后的统计概率相一致;第三要确保三维数据中每种微相的变差函数特征与定量地质知识库一致。因而,从沉积形成与演化的成因角度来指导沉积储层随机建模过程,应用多参数协同、分层次约束的方法,以河道的平面展布和垂向演化来控制建模的结果,使其更逼近地下地质的真实。     

SRC-RC转换柱的抗震性能分析

首先介绍了我国现行相关规程对SRC-RC竖向混合结构过渡层的设计要求和相关规定,结合阪神地震中SRC-RC竖向混合结构的破坏情况对现行规程的一些规定提出了不同的看法,建议采用SRC-RC转换柱进行型钢混凝土柱到钢筋混凝土柱的过渡。对SRC-RC转换柱低周反复加载试验进行了介绍,分析了型钢锚固长度对SRC-RC转换柱抗震性能的影响。最后对采用SRC-RC竖向混合结构的梁式转换层模型与钢筋混凝土梁式转换层模型进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,对于利用SRC-RC转换柱将型钢混凝土应用到钢筋混凝土结构底部楼层的SRC-RC竖向混合结构,型钢混凝土有效地加强了底部楼层,改善了结构的抗震性能。     

SRC-RC转换柱箍筋设置方式与破坏区域变迁

通过16根SRC-RC转换柱试件和1根钢筋混凝土柱对比试件的抗震性能试验,研究了3种箍筋配置方式SRC-RC转换柱试件的屈服后变形性能和破坏特征。箍筋数量较多时,试件不但表现出超过钢筋混凝土柱的屈服后变形能力,并且变形能力的稳定性较好;箍筋数量较少时,试件的屈服后变形能力受其他构造因素影响较大。箍筋的配置对SRC-RC转换柱的破坏方式乃至破坏区域都产生了直接的影响,以通常方式配箍的SRC-RC转换柱均产生了剪切破坏,临界剪切缝贯通SRC-RC转换柱的钢筋混凝土部分。箍筋加密试件的剪切破坏区域转移到柱顶部的局部范围内。根据SRC-RC转换柱的破坏特点,提出了合理的箍筋配置方式:对于型钢延伸高度较小的试件,可对SRC-RC转换柱上部钢筋混凝土部分进行箍筋加密,而下部型钢混凝土部分则进行常规的箍筋配置。当型钢延伸高度超过3/5倍柱高时,箍筋的设置方式应能够有效控制黏结裂缝的发展,SRC-RC转换柱宜进行全高的箍筋加密。     

Photometric analysis of Eros from NEAR data

A photometric model of (433) Eros at wavelengths from 450 to 1050 nm is constructed using the combination of the images from the multispectral imager (MSI) obtained during the one-year long orbital phase of the NEAR mission, ground-based lightcurves from earlier observations, and our theoretical forward modeling simulations coupled with the NEAR shape model. The single scattering albedo is found to be 0.33±0.03 at 550 nm, which is smaller than past findings by 30%. The amplitude and width of the opposition effect are 1.4±0.1 and 0.010±0.004 from ground based lightcurves. It is confirmed that the asymmetry factor of the single-particle phase function and the surface roughness parameter do not depend on wavelength from 450 to 1050 nm, and their values are estimated to be −0.25±0.02 and 28°±3°, respectively, comparable with the earlier measurements from the NEAR NIS data. The geometric albedo and the Bond albedo at 550 nm are calculated to be 0.23 and 0.093, respectively, which make Eros less reflective than previous models, but still slightly more reflective than average S-type asteroids. The lower albedos of Eros are more consistent with our forward modeling simulations, as well as with its spectrum. Eros is a typical S-type asteroid like (951) Gaspra and (243) Ida, and has similar surface regolith properties. Combining the single-scattering albedo with the olivine composition of ordinary chondrites, taking into account space weathering darkening, we constrain the grain size of the regolith particles on Eros to a range of 50 to 100 μm.     

The Engineering Geological Properties of Soil Mass and Their Researching Developments

This paper introduces the contents about engineering geological properties of soil mass presented in the 3rd National Conference of Engineering Geology, held in Chengdu, Sichuan, Dec. 1988. Based on this, the engineering geological properties of soil mass and their researching developments are described, in view of some kinds of soil distributed in China, or with specific characteristics. Such as loess, expansive soil, dispersive soil, red clay, marine clay, and fly-ash soil.     

Late Triassic sedimentary records in the northern Tethyan Himalaya:Tectonic link with Greater India

The Upper Triassic flysch sediments(Nieru Formation and Langjiexue Group)exposed in the Eastern Tethyan Himalayan Sequence are crucial for unraveling the controversial paleogeography and paleotectonics of the Himalayan orogen.This work reports new detrital zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock geochemical data for clastic rocks from flysch strata in the Shannan area.The mineral modal composition data suggest that these units were mainly sourced from recycled orogen provenances.The chemical compositions of the sandstones in the strata are similar to the chemical composition of upper continental crust.These rocks have relatively low Chemical Index of Alteration values(with an average of 62)and Index of Compositional Variability values(0.69),indicating that they experienced weak weathering and were mainly derived from a mature source.The geochemical compositions of the Upper Triassic strata are similar to those of graywackes from continental island arcs and are indicative of an acidicintermediate igneous source.Furthermore,hornblende and feldspar experienced decomposition in the provenance,and the sediment became enriched in zircon and monazite during sediment transport.The detrital zircons in the strata feature two main age peaks at 225-275 Ma and 500-600 Ma,nearly continuous Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic ages,and a broad inconspicuous cluster in the Tonian-Stenian(800-1200 Ma).The detrital zircons from the Upper Triassic sandstones in the study area lack peaks at 300-325 Ma(characteristic of the Lhasa block)and 1150-1200 Ma(characteristic of the Lhasa and West Australia blocks).Therefore,neither the Lhasa block nor the West Australia blocks likely acted as the main provenance of the Upper Triassic strata.Newly discovered Permian-Triassic basalt and mafic dikes in the Himalayas could have provided the 225-275 Ma detrital zircons.Therefore,Indian and Himalayan units were the main provenances of the flysch strata.The Tethyan Himalaya was part of the northern passive margin and was not an exotic terrane separated from India during the Permian to Early Cretaceous.This evidence suggests that the Neo-Tethyan ocean opened prior to the Late Triassic and that the Upper Triassic deposits were derived from continental crustal fragments adjacent to the northern passive continental margin of Greater India.     

青藏高原南部洋板块地质重建及科学意义

在复杂碰撞造山带中发现、识别和重建能够揭示从洋中脊形成到海沟俯冲消亡洋陆转换过程的洋板块地层(OPS)单元及岩石组合序列,是大陆动力学研究的重大课题。本文在冈底斯地块南部与雅鲁藏布江结合带东段地区发现和识别出大量洋岛、海山、洋内弧、楔顶盆地、大洋盆地等洋板块地层。通过对该洋板块地层岩石组合序列、产出状态与变形变质特征与形成时代、构造环境等的初步研究,得出如下新的认识:(1)新发现的洋板块地层单元是雅鲁藏布江结合带东段在特提斯洋演化过程俯冲消减而形成增生杂岩带的重要组成部分;(2)在青藏高原南部古特提斯和新特提斯洋同时存在并连续演化;(3)南冈底斯带在中生代具有新特提斯增生楔和增生弧的地质背景,并且该增生楔是冈底斯南缘加厚新生下地壳的重要物质组成部分,对斑岩铜矿的形成起了促进作用。