中国空气质量时空变化特征

基于2015年中国343个地区空气质量指数（AQI）数据,运用统计分析和空间自相关分析方法,对全国及陆地表层系统九大区域空气质量时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：① 全国及九大区域空气质量春季较差、夏秋优良、冬季最差,AQI季节均值呈现“U”形变化特征。② 全 国及九大区域AQI月均值变化趋势呈现“L”形特征。③ 全国及九大区域AQI日均值变化趋势呈现周期性W~脉冲型波动规律。④ “高污染”和“低污染”区域呈现出北高南低的南北分异格局。⑤ 九大区域首要污染物频次结构差异明显,频次最高的首要污染物PM_2.5或者PM₁₀在空间上呈现出明显的东西分异格局。     

第四纪加积型红土与下蜀黄土理化特征比较

加积型红土和下蜀黄土是我国亚热带地区常见的第四纪沉积物。测试了加积型红土的粒度、矿物与石英砂表面特征、磁化率、常量元素和稀土元素等理化指标,并与下蜀黄土进行了对比分析,结果表明,加积型红土与下蜀黄土在理化特征上具有整体相似性,显示风成特性,但较下蜀黄土经历了更为强烈的化学风化作用。同一剖面自下而上为加积型红土至棕黄色下蜀土的沉积序列,揭示了中更新世至晚更新世风化成壤强度减弱、气候由湿热向干凉转变的趋势;北亚热带和中亚热带沉积年代相当的下蜀土风化特征差异反映了古环境变化的纬度效应。     

Seasonal and interannual variations of carbon exchange over a rice-wheat rotation system on the North China Plain

Rice-wheat (R-W) rotation systems are ubiquitous in South and East Asia, and play an important role in modulating the carbon cycle and climate. Long-term, continuous flux measurements help in better understanding the seasonal and interannual variation of the carbon budget over R-W rotation systems. In this study, measurements of CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables over an R-W rotation system on the North China Plain from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed. To analyze the abiotic factors regulating Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), NEE was partitioned into gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. Nighttime NEE or ecosystem respiration was controlled primarily by soil temperature, while daytime NEE was mainly determined by photosythetically active radiation (PAR). The responses of nighttime NEE to soil temperature and daytime NEE to light were closely associated with crop development and photosynthetic activity, respectively. Moreover, the interannual variation in GPP and NEE mainly depended on precipitation and PAR. Overall, NEE was negative on the annual scale and the rotation system behaved as a carbon sink of 982 g C m-2 per year over the three years. The winter wheat field took up more CO2 than the rice paddy during the longer growing season, while the daily NEE for wheat and rice were -2.35 and -3.96 g C m-2, respectively. After the grain harvest was subtracted from the NEE, the winter wheat field became a moderately strong carbon sink of 251-334 g C m-2 per season, whereas the rice paddy switched to a weak carbon sink of 107-132 per season.     

亮温与降水量的关系

卫星红外遥感亮温数据值除与地球的自转和公转存在密切关系外,还与大气环境和地理环境有密切关系。应用青海省黄河门堂观测点的降水量和水位,以及对应点地表亮温资料进行对比分析,其结果为：降水量与亮温存在可比性,在峰值时间区段内,亮温与降水量呈现明显的反向变化关系;降水量的波动变化导致地表温度的波动变化;水位、降水量和亮温属于温度对气候变化较为敏感的物理量。     

Damage-based inelastic response spectra for seismic design incorporating performance considerations

Modern seismic design allows a structure to develop inelastic response during moderate to severe earthquakes. The emerging performance-based design requires more clearly defined levels of inelastic response, or damage, to be targeted for different earthquake hazard levels. While there are a range of factors that could influence the level of damage and hence the performance, the design strength remains to be a fundamental design parameter that is inherently related to the structural performance. In this paper, the response reduction factor, which is a normalized form of the design strength, is investigated on a direct damage basis. The implications of the damage-based strength reduction factor (SRF), denoted as R_D factor, on multiple performance targets are discussed. A series of R_D spectra are generated from a large set of ground motions in different groupings to examine the effects of local site condition, earthquake magnitude and distance to rupture on the R_D spectra. The overall mean and standard deviation of the R_D spectra for different levels of damage are obtained, and simple empirical formulas are proposed.     

Episodic Fluid Injections in Overpressured Basins:A Case Study from Yinggehai Basin

INTRODUCTIoNTheprocessesandratesoffluidflowsinsedimentarybasinsareakeyforunderstandingdiagenesis,thermalconvec-tionandpetroleumaccumu1ationanddistribution.Therearemorethan18ooverpressuredbasinsintheworld(Hunt,l996,l99o).Episodicexpulsionisbelievedbymanyinvesti-gatorstobethemainprocessesforprimaryhydrocarbonmi-grationinoverpressuredsourcerocks.However,littlehasbeenknownaboutthenatureoffluidinjectionandpetroleumaccumulationinoverpressuredbasins.TheYinggehaibasinisoneofthefourmajorTertiaryb…     

长江中游城市群水资源承载力时空格局及耦合协调性

长江中游城市群是实施生态优先绿色发展战略的重点区域,从水资源承载系统内的水资源、社会、经济、生态环境4个子系统中选取24项指标构建水资源承载力评价体系,综合运用改进熵权TOPSIS模型、空间自相关分析和耦合协调发展模型定量评价2012-2018年长江中游城市群水资源承载力时空变化过程及子系统间的耦合协调性.结果表明,（1）长江中游城市群整体水资源承载力水平表现为：缓慢上升（2012-2015年）、下降（2015-2017年）、再上升的趋势（2017-2018年）;（2）水资源承载力的空间差异不明显（仅2016年差异显著）,武汉城市圈水资源承载力的空间差异相对较大且呈现低值包围高值的空间分布特征;（3）各城市生态环境子系统承载力得分较为均衡,但其他子系统的承载力均差异较大;（4）影响水资源承载力的主要因素依次为城市污水处理厂日处理能力、人均GDP、城镇化率、第三产业比重和人均水资源量;（5）长江中游城市群水资源承载系统的耦合协调度总体处于中等水平,且水资源承载力与耦合协调度有极强的正相关关系.研究结果可为长江中游城市群水资源承载力改善及水资源优化配置提供依据.     

Conservative behavior of arsenic and other oxyanion-forming trace elements in an oxic groundwater flow system

Groundwater samples were collected along a flow path in a shallow, fractured tuffaceous aquifer from the Oasis Valley–Beatty Wash region of southern Nevada, USA, and analyzed for a number of oxyanion-forming trace elements including arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W). In addition, ancillary geochemical parameters, including pH, major solute compositions, dissolved silica, dissolved oxygen, and iron and manganese concentrations were quantified in the groundwaters. Arsenic concentrations range from 70 nmol/kg up to 316 nmol/kg in groundwaters of the Oasis Valley–Beatty Wash flow system, and generally exhibit increasing concentrations with flow down-gradient along the flow path. Antimony, W, and to a lesser extent, Mo, exhibit similar increasing concentration trends with flow down-gradient in the aquifer, albeit, at lower concentrations levels (e.g., mean ± SD for Sb, W, and Mo are 2.3 ± 0.9 nmol/kg, 7.4 ± 3.7 nmol/kg, and 101 ± 19 nmol/kg, respectively). Selenium concentration, which range between 4 and 11 nmol/kg, generally decrease in groundwaters with flow down-gradients in the Oasis Valley–Beatty Wash groundwater flow systems. Inverse modeling of groundwater chemistry evolution from the lower reaches of the Oasis Valley flow path using PHREEQC indicate that the groundwater composition is consistent with mixing of nearly equal proportions of groundwater from upper reaches of Oasis Valley and Beatty Wash groundwater, along with dissolution of volcanic glass, potassium feldspar, and gypsum, followed by calcite precipitation, and formation of secondary zeolites (analcime), clay minerals (Ca-montmorillonite), and cristobalite. The geochemical modeling indicates that the concentrations of As and the other oxyanion-forming trace elements are controlled by dissolution of volcanic glass, water–rock interaction with mineralized zones within the aquifer (i.e., sulfide oxidation), desorption from aquifer surface sites, and mixing of Oasis Valley and Beatty Wash groundwaters.     

低煤级煤储层游离气含量计算——以准噶尔盆地东南缘为例

我国低煤级煤层气资源量大,约占煤层气资源总量的43.5%。由于对低煤级煤层气赋存特征的认识程度有限,影响了低煤级煤层气的勘探开发。通过对准噶尔盆地南缘低煤级煤储层孔隙与裂隙、吸附特征、含气性等方面的分析,认为该区煤的吸附性能较好,煤中宏观裂隙与显微裂隙发育。相对于中、高煤级煤,该区煤储层大、中孔所占比例较高,为游离气赋存提供了场所。运用气体方程估算了准噶尔盆地东南缘西山窑组B煤组主力煤层中的游离气含量,得出煤层总含气量为2.85~8.94 m3/t,平均为6.12 m3/t。其中游离气占总含气量的2.89%~5.14%,平均3.90%。游离气含量的估算为研究区更加科学合理的进行煤层气勘探开发提供了依据。      

Potential contaminants at a dredged spoil placement site,Charles City County,Virginia, as revealed by sequential extraction

Backfills of dredged sediments onto a former sand and gravel mine site in Charles City County, VA may have the potential to contaminate local groundwater. To evaluate the mobility of trace elements and to identify the potential contaminants from the dredged sediments, a sequential extraction scheme was used to partition trace elements associated with the sediments from the local aquifer and the dredged sediments into five fractions: exchangeable, acidic, reducible, oxidizable, and residual phases. Sequential extractions indicate that, for most of the trace elements examined, the residual phases account for the largest proportion of the total concentrations, and their total extractable fractions are mainly from reducible and oxidizable phases. Only Cd, Pb, and Zn have an appreciable extractable proportion from the acidic phase in the filled dredged sediments. Our groundwater monitoring data suggest that the dredged sediments are mainly subject to a decrease in pH and a series of oxidation reactions, when exposed to the atmosphere. Because the trace elements released by carbonate dissolution and the oxidation (e.g., organic matter degradation, iron sulfide and, ammonia oxidation) are subsequently immobilized by sorption to iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides, no potential contaminants to local groundwater are expected by addition of the dredged sediments to this site.