福建晋江市前港湖、龙湖、虺湖等的地震堵塞成因研究

在国外前苏联学者尼可拉也夫曾提及地震后有的河流形成地震坝,其后再超覆沉积细粒物质,并称为"地震沉积相",显然这是指的地震堵塞湖形成后的沉积.国内最著名的地震堰塞湖是1933年四川省茂汶北的迭溪7.5级地震,这次强震不仅使迭溪全城及周围60余城镇、村寨全部毁灭,并且四山普遍崩溃,迭溪台地大规模崩塌、堵塞岷江,形成四个地震堵塞湖.大震后45天湖水溃决,造成下游水灾.类似这种地震堵塞湖是地震导致山地,丘陵或台地崩塌堵塞溪流,是地震导致的重力作用堵塞,应为地震重力堰塞湖.本文论及的地震堰塞湖即前港湖、龙湖、虺湖、丙州西侧小湖位于福建省晋江市龙湖镇西南侧,处晋江半岛中部,4个湖沿着控制深沪湾地堑北西边缘的衙口-丙洲断裂呈NE60°线状展布.该断裂与其东侧的深沪-金井断裂共同构成了全新世深沪湾地堑,卫星照片中有清晰的显示.这两条断裂及其所夹的活动地堑同属于区域性的常乐-诏安断裂带中段部份.     

钻孔摩擦灌注桩岩土设计参数取值商榷

桩周岩土极限摩阻力及其桩尖处岩土的容许承载力是公路工程钻(挖)孔摩擦灌注桩单桩竖向承载力计算的重要岩土工程设计参数,其取值是否适当事关工程安危和工程费用的经济合理.对此,工程勘察设计人员不仅应遵照<公路桥涵地基与基础设计规范>有关规定外,还应考虑场地地基岩土的地质时代、场地工程地质条件、岩土工程性质及有关因素合理取值,不可机械地依规范查表确定,这是岩土工程师应具有的最基本技能.     

Geochemical Information Indicating the Water Recharge to Lakes and Immovable Megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert

1 Introduction The Badain Jaran Desert, located in western Inner Mongolia, China, has a unique landscape containing 144 lakes (72 of which are still watery) with a total water area of about 23 km2, and the world’s highest stationary sand dunes with a height between 200 m and 500 m. Much attention has been paid to the water recharge of the desert in the past decade. Investigations on the resources of water system there have been performed continuously since the early 1990s, which lead to th…     

Estimation of petrol and diesel adulteration with kerosene and assessment of usefulness of selected automobile fuel quality test parameters

Kerosene is common adulterant utilized for mixing with diesel. Five fuel-adulterant mixtures in different proportions by volume were prepared and individually tested for density and kinematic viscosity. The mixtures were administered to six light cargo vehicles and the tail pipe exhaust emission was tested for opacity value. No appreciable density variation at different levels of adulteration was observed. Density was within the prescribed value even at higher adulteration. Considerable decrease in kinematic viscosity, a departure from prescribed viscosity, was noted at higher adulteration level. The percent opacity value decreased sharply even at small level of adulteration. The probable amount of kerosene present as an adulterant in diesel dispensed at filling stations in Kathmandu city ranged between 35% and 50%. The observations suggest density test is not a good indicator of diesel adulteration. Kinematic viscosity and opacity value are useful diesel adulteration test parameters. Existing diesel adulteration warrants initiation of strict compliance regulation.     

Spatiotemporal variations in climate moisture indices in Georgia under global warming

Using observational data from 50 weather stations in Georgia for the period of 1936-2013, the following climate indices of moisture regime are studied: maximum 1-day precipitation, maximum 5-day precipitation, the simple daily intensity index, the number of days with precipitation equal to not less than 10, 20, and 50 mm, number of consecutive wet and dry days. Geoinformation maps of the spatial structure are plotted, and the dynamics of these indices is studied for the period of global warming. Expected changes in the moisture regime in different physiographic regions in Georgia are assessed.     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶储层垂向带发育特征及其识别标准

岩溶储层在垂向上的分带性是岩溶在垂向上发育不均匀的客观表现。根据现代岩溶理论,通过对大量测井资料的统计分析,按照岩溶缝洞系统发育强弱及地下水运动方式、岩溶作用方式,将岩溶储层垂向上划分为表层岩溶带、垂向渗滤溶蚀带、径流溶蚀带、潜流溶蚀带等四个岩溶发育带,并建立了塔河油田奥陶系岩溶储层垂向带划分的测井响应与岩溶成因组合指标体系。测井响应指标包括自然伽玛、电阻率、井径等;岩溶成因指标包括地下水径流方式、岩溶作用类型、充填特征和岩溶个体形态等。根据岩溶储层垂向带划分标准,对塔河油田奥陶系岩溶储层垂向带发育特征进行了统计分析,并对不同地貌区岩溶储层的垂向带发育特征进行分析。分析认为:表层岩溶带以大中型溶蚀孔洞为主,测井显示为高伽玛,低电阻;半充填(或未充填)时测井表现为低伽玛,低电阻;垂向渗滤溶蚀带以高角度溶缝和小型溶蚀孔洞为特征,测井显示为低伽玛,高电阻;径流溶蚀带多发育大型溶洞,测井显示为高伽玛,低电阻;潜流溶蚀带岩溶弱发育,测井显示为低伽玛,高电阻。     

西藏冈底斯中段桑桑花岗质岩体锆石U-Pb年龄与Hf同位素组成及其对岩石成因和构造演化的制约

以西藏冈底斯中段西侧桑桑花岗质岩体为对象,进行了系统的年代学、元素地球化学和锆石Hf同位素组成研究,据此阐明了岩体成因,并探讨了其构造意义。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明,桑桑花岗质岩体的成岩年龄为49~54 Ma。化学组成上,岩体具有亚碱、准铝、贫磷的特征(A/NKC1.10,P_2O_50.20%),属钙碱性I型花岗岩类。岩体富Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、Pb和轻稀土,贫Nb、Ta、P与Ti,表现出弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。岩体的锆石εHf(t)值变化较大,散布于正值与负值之间(=-4.24~+5.49),指示其形成存在不同来源物质的贡献。综合分析表明,桑桑花岗质岩体起源于初生地壳的部分熔融,但在成岩过程中有古老地壳组分的参与。结合区域地质背景,笔者认为这一古老地壳组分最可能来自印亚碰撞过程中俯冲下插的印度地壳,由此说明印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的起始时间应早于54 Ma。     

A new type of noble metal mineralization in the Northern Caucasus

The weathering crust of the Beden ultrabasite massif (the basin of Big Laba River) is identified and studied. Anomalously high contents of noble metals (Au, Pt, Pd) are revealed in the basal horizon of the Jurassic part of the weathering crust. For this reason we suspect an existence of a belt of noble metal miner-alization in the Paleozoic ultrabasites in the Peredovoi Range of the Northern Caucasus.     

Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of Kometan Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in the imbricated zone,northeastern Iraq

Facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Kometan Formation (Upper Cretaceous) were studied from Kometan village, Kurdistan region of northeastern Iraq. Lithologically, the formation consists of 44 m of white weathering, light grey, thin to medium-bedded highly fractured limestones with chert nodules. Petrographic study of the carbonates shows that both skeletal and non-skeletal grains were present. The skeletal grains include a variety of planktonic foraminifera (including Oligostegina), calcispheres, ostracods, pelecypods, larva ammonite, and echinoderms. Non-skeletal grains include peloids only. Three main microfacies types are distinguished in the studied formation. The results of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of the studied carbonate samples show negative values of δ¹⁸O. These indicate that the seawater was warm with low salinity during precipitation of the carbonates in the Kometan Formation in northeastern Iraq. The positive δ¹³C values of carbonate samples, in the middle part of the formation, reflect the widespread deposition of organic-rich marine sediments during a transgression and deepening of the basin. Petrographic, facies and stable isotopic analyses revealed that the Kometan Formation was deposited in a warm, basinal, pelagic (open marine) environment with low salinity. The Kometan Formation consists of one complete third-order depositional sequence, separated by a sequence boundary (SB) of type 2. The third-order sequence is subdivided into a transgressive systems tract (TST) and highstand systems tract (HST). This reflects episodes of transgression and still stands of the relative sea level. The TSTs are topped by maximum flooding surface (MFS) characterized by deepening-/fining-upward parasequences implying a retrogradational stacking pattern. The HST is marked by shallowing-/coarsening-upward parasequences implying a progradational stacking pattern.