Geochemistry of soil gas in the seismic fault zone produced by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake, southwestern China

The spatio-temporal variations of soil gas in the seismic fault zone produced by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake were investigated based on the field measurements of soil gas concentrations after the main shock. Concentrations of He, H₂, CO₂, CH₄, O₂, N₂, Rn, and Hg in soil gas were measured in the field at eight short profiles across the seismic rupture zone in June and December 2008 and July 2009. Soil-gas concentrations of more than 800 sampling sites were obtained. The data showed that the magnitudes of the He and H₂ anomalies of three surveys declined significantly with decreasing strength of the aftershocks with time. The maximum concentrations of He and H₂ (40 and 279.4 ppm, respectively) were found in three replicates at the south part of the rupture zone close to the epicenter. The spatio-temporal variations of CO₂, Rn, and Hg concentrations differed obviously between the north and south parts of the fault zone. The maximum He and H₂ concentrations in Jun 2008 occurred near the parts of the rupture zone where vertical displacements were larger. The anomalies of He, H₂, CO₂, Rn, and Hg concentrations could be related to the variation in the regional stress field and the aftershock activity.     

广西六景泥盆系弗拉斯阶-法门阶界线层牙形石生物地层及碳同位素组成

广西六景泥盆系剖面是中国泥盆系标准剖面之一,通过对其弗拉斯阶-法门阶(F-F)界线附近地层进行详细的牙形石生物地层研究,自下而上识别出3个牙形石带:晚rhenana带、linguiformis带和triangularis带。F-F界线位于融县组下部(第7号层与第8号层之间),在谷闭组顶界之上3.32,m处。碳同位素的分析结果表明,F-F之交δ13C具有显著正偏移,增幅为2.0‰,与湖南老江冲、广西垌村和杨堤以及欧洲、美洲、非洲和澳洲等地的F-F界线附近的碳同位素记录一致,且具有相近的变化幅度。δ13C正异常与F-F界线上的生物灭绝有关,由于食微生物的高等生物灭绝,微生物大量繁盛,诱导海水缺氧,导致海洋有机碳埋藏速率增加,从而形成δ13C的正偏。F-F界线层发育一套以碎屑灰岩为特色的事件沉积,该事件沉积在广西乃至全球具有等时性,可能与小行星碰撞地球引起的全球性海啸有关。     

VSP测井在大型陆相沉积煤田勘探中应用效果

在我国煤炭资源中,中生代陆相煤田所蕴藏的煤炭资源占有重要地位,尤其是早—中侏罗纪陆相煤田,已探明煤炭资源总量占我国探明煤炭资源总量的63%,煤田规模大都为大—超大型,煤质优良。该类煤田沉积环境复杂,具有煤层层数多、厚度变化大、煤层稳定性和连续性差、合并及分叉点多,勘探难度较大。为此,在鄂尔多斯市东胜区西部勘探项目中采用了包括钻探、二维地震、综合测井、VSP测井、地质与水文工程地质填图等在内的综合勘探手段,取得了良好的地质效果,其中VSP测井在该勘探区的应用,不但准确提取了二维地震资料的时～深关系,提高了时—深转换精度,而且使声波测井资料得到了有效校正,地震带井约束波阻抗反演技术处理更合理,解释结果更可靠。综合利用VSP和声波测井资料进行交互速度分析,提高了地震资料对目的层的解释精度,为大型陆相沉积煤田的岩煤层对比解释提供了丰富的地质信息。     

Dynamic features and effects of rainfall on landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China: using the Xintan landslide and the large Huangya landslide as the examples

The study area is located in Three Gorges Reservoir region, China. Over 200 landslides have been monitored over a number of years with their behavior being compared to the effective rainfall database for the study area. Analysis of the available data indicates that the occurrences of landslides in this region are controlled by rainfall, whose intensity and rainfall processes are the most important dynamic factors in determining the stability of slopes. Therefore, the relationship between rainfall and the movement of typical landslides has been specifically analyzed for the Xintan landslides and the large Huangya landslide by using the loading/unloading response ratio parameter of rainfall. The result of this study indicates that the mutation of the loading/unloading response ratio of rainfall of the Xintan landslide and the large Huangya landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China occurred just before their destabilization, which shows that the loading/unloading response ratio of rainfall and its changing feature can be taken as a precursor for the landslides induced by rainfall.     

Distribution of some elements in surface soil over the Kavadarci region,Republic of Macedonia

The results of a first systematic study of spatial distribution of different elements in surface soil over of the Kavadarci region, Republic of Macedonia, known for its nickel industrial activity are reported. The investigated region (360 km²) is covered by a sampling grid of 2 × 2 km²; whereas the sampling grid of 1 × 1 km² was applied in the urban zone and around the ferronickel smelter plant (117 km²). In total 344 soil samples from 172 locations were collected. At each sampling point soil samples were collected at two depths, topsoil (0–5 cm) and bottom soil (20–30 cm). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied for the determination of 36 elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mn, Na, Mg, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, Tl, Ti, U, V, W and Zn). Data analysis and construction of maps were performed using the Paradox (ver. 9), Statistica (ver. 6.1), AutoDesk Map (ver. 2008) and Surfer (ver. 8.09) software. Four geogenic and three anthropogenic geochemical associations were established. Within the research, natural and anthropogenic enrichment with heavy metals was determined. Principally, the natural enrichment is related especially to Ni. Pollution by As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb and Zn is basically insignificant.     

Change trends for desertified lands in the Horqin Sandy Land at the beginning of the twenty-first century

The dynamics of desertification in the Horqin Sandy Land between 2000 and 2005 were analyzed using Landsat TM/ETM images and the data-processing function of geographical information software. The results showed that the extent of desertified land decreased at a rate of slightly more than 0.1 km² year⁻¹, from 22,423.1 km² in 2000 to 22,422.4 km² in 2005, indicating that desertification has been controlled in this area and that desert areas may be approaching a steady state. The dynamics of desertification differed among land types. Desertification decreased most obviously in areas of previous desert land. The area in which desertification was ameliorated was higher than the area that underwent further degradation, but non-desertified land (113.3 km²) deteriorated at a rate of 22.7 km² year⁻¹ during this period. This significant change requires careful attention by managers in the study area.     

基于长度贝叶斯生物量估算法的北部湾带鱼资源评估

带鱼是南海西北部北部湾主要经济鱼类种群之一,估算其种群参数和评估其资源状况对北部湾渔业资源管理具有重要意义.本文利用2006-2016年北部湾带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)的生物学数据,通过长度贝叶斯生物量估算法(Length-based Bayesian Biomass Estimation Metho...     

黑龙江省闪电活动及与降水、气温相关特征分析

利用2006—2008年国家雷电监测网数据库中黑龙江省闪电监测资料,结合自动站资料,采用统计分析方法对黑龙江省闪电的时空分布特征、强度分布及闪电频数与月平均降水量、月平均气温的关系进行了分析。结果表明:近年来黑龙江省闪电活动年变化呈增加趋势;夏季地闪活动频繁,冬季很少有地闪发生,地闪日变化大部分呈双峰态势;闪电密度的地区差异十分明显,山区及邻近地区明显大于平原地区,密度高值区位于大兴安岭地区,其中以塔河最高;地闪密度随季节呈明显的纬度变化,春季到夏季有明显的北进过程,而夏季到秋季则呈明显的南退过程;正闪与总闪具有相同的强度谱分布,谱型较负闪略宽;正闪密度强值中心有两个,位于大兴安岭地区,季节移动规律与总闪相似;黑龙江省雷电频数与月平均降水量呈较好的线性相关,与月平均气温呈较好的指数相关。     

Organic geochemical characterization and depositional paleoenvironments of the Devonian strata in Guizhong region,Guangxi, China

Devonian strata in the Guizhong region, Guangxi, China consist mainly of marine deposition carbonates (limestones and dolomites) as well as restricted clastic rocks. The strata thickness is measured as 2041m and classified into 14 formations. An integrated field geological, petrographic, sedimentological, palaeobiological, and geochemical study of these strata reveals that the depositional paleoenvironments were carbonate tidal flat, restricted platform, open platform, shelf, platform margin slop, and algal herm. The total organic carbon (TOC) of sedimentary organic matter ranges between 0.07% and 1.96% with average of 0.21%. The organic matter types are Type I and Type III. The vitrinite reflectance (R ₀) of kerogen ranges between 0.99% and 2.03%, indicating the maturated and highly maturated stages. The analytical results of the representative samples collected from shelf and subtidal facies show that the differences of organic matter type and biological diagnostic compounds are related to the types of source rocks deposited in different paleoenvironments.