ICP-MS测定土壤中的As、Cr、Pb、Se、Cu和Zn

本文用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了土壤的As、Cr、Pb、Se、Cu和Zn6种微量元素的质量分数,以In作为内标进行基体效应的补偿,方法快速灵敏,回收率为92.4%～106.8%,相对标准偏差小于5.0%,结果达到国家标准要求。     

水浴浸提-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定地质样品中痕量砷和汞

采用盐酸-硝酸混合酸(盐酸-硝酸-水体积比3∶1∶4)水浴浸取地质样品,在样品消解后的母液中直接加入硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液,以氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定地质样品中的痕量砷和汞。方法检出限为砷0.033 6 ng/mL,汞0.003 7 ng/mL;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=1)为砷1.1%,汞3.0%。对国家一级标准物质GBW 07109~GBW 07114、GBW 07301~GBW 07312、GBW 07401~GBW 07408中的砷和汞进行测定,测定值与标准值相吻合。     

气相色谱法测定地下水中有机氯农药和多氯联苯

建立了地下水中常见有机氯农药和多氯联苯的气相色谱分析方法。有机氯农药检出限均小于2.21ng/L,多氯联苯中PCB1检出限为5.20ng/L,其他目标组分检出限在1.30ng/L以下。两大类待测组分回收率均可以达到63.5%～110.2%,各组分精密度(RSD,n=5)在2.2%～17.3%。除异狄氏剂外,有机氯农药基体加标回收率为87.34%～133.76%。方法稳定性和重现性较好,样品前处理操作简便,适用于实验室分析或进一步改进。     

土壤中单环芳烃定量分析的基质效应研究

来源于燃料油泄露的单环芳烃对土壤的污染已经成为一个很普遍的现象,因此,准确、高效地检测土壤中的挥发性单环芳烃是一个很关键的问题。文章通过在标准系列中加入石英砂和土壤两种基质,比较水、水-石英砂、水-土壤3个定量库中得到的标准曲线的斜率,研究基质效应对土壤样品定量的影响。结果表明,芳香烃类物质在土壤基质中的斜率总体小于在石英砂基质中的斜率,在石英砂基质中的斜率比在水基质中的斜率小1%(苯)～9%(正丁苯),在水基质中得到的斜率最大;只有苯在土壤基质和水基质中的斜率相当,其余组分在土壤基质中的斜率比在水基质中的斜率小9%(丙苯)～24%(1,2,4-三氯苯)。单环芳烃在土壤基质中相对斜率的大小与化合物本身的沸点以及辛醇-水分配系数呈负相关。研究表明,在对土壤样品进行校准的过程中,选择合适的基质建立定量库是一个非常关键的因素。     

内蒙古拜仁达坝及维拉斯托银多金属矿床的硫和铅同位素研究

拜仁达坝和维拉斯托是近年来在内蒙古东部地区发现的2个大型银多金属矿床,文章对其开展了硫和铅同位素研究。结果表明,拜仁达坝矿床矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-4.0‰～+1.6‰,维拉斯托矿床矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-0.8‰～+2.0‰,与岩浆热液型矿床的硫同位素值接近,表明这2个矿床中的硫主要来自岩浆。拜仁达坝矿区43件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.333～18.515,207Pb/204Pb值为15.532～15.656,208Pb/204Pb值为38.057～38.610;维拉斯托矿区20件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.304～18.377,207Pb/204Pb值为15.520～15.610,208Pb/204Pb值为38.112～38.435。拜仁达坝东矿区矿石中的铅同位素组成与维拉斯托矿区相似,变化范围小,相对贫放射性铅同位素,并且均为混合铅。矿石中的铅可能来自围岩地层及深源岩浆。     

青藏高原东北缘寺口子盆地新生代沉积演化及其构造意义

宁夏固原寺口子盆地发育巨厚的新生代地层,这些地层记录了青藏高原东北部的沉积演化特征和构造演变历史。根据剖面沉积物粒度特征、沉积结构和构造、沉积层序,识别出20种岩相、5种沉积相类型。结合前人对寺口子剖面的古地磁测年,分析研究盆地的沉积演化特征以及对构造的响应表明:20.1 Ma盆地以缓慢的坳陷沉降开始演化,直至1.2 Ma遭受破坏。在此期间青藏高原东北部经历了6.4 Ma、4.6 Ma和1.2 Ma这3次明显的构造挤压隆升运动,其中约6.4 Ma的构造运动是青藏高原向东北部扩展首次影响到海原—六盘山断裂以东地区。从盆地的形成和沉积演化过程来看,马东山山前断裂的逆冲推覆,导致了寺口子盆地的强烈变形和构造降升,并且最终成为青藏高原的最新组成部分。     

Field-observed phenomena of seismic liquefaction and subsidence during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, a large number of buildings, water conservancy facilities, and transportation facilities were severely damaged. The damage caused by liquefaction and earthquake-induced soil subsidence was widely distributed, diverse, and extensive. Typical liquefaction and earthquake-induced subsidence damage for this region has been described by investigations of soils and foundations in the earthquake-stricken area. Factors that influenced the liquefaction of soils in Dujiangyan County were analyzed, accounting for regional geological conditions. The results identify several factors that may affect the process of liquefaction and general damage to buildings, roads, levees, and dams. Such factors could serve as the basis for further research into mitigating the damage caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction and subsidence. The importance of detailed ground reconnaissance and the implementation of reasonable and effective measures to improve soft soil are proposed for earthquake hazard reduction in similar areas.     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Late Jurassic shoshonitic lamprophyre dikes from the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China

This paper presents detailed mineral chemical, element geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data for the Late Jurassic (155?±?4 Ma) lamprophyre dikes in the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China. The lamprophyres are shoshonitic and geochemically fall into three groups: Group I has relatively high SiO₂ (52.5–57.0 wt.%), low MgO (5.5–8.3 wt.%) and compatible trace element (e.g. Cr?=?128–470 ppm) contents, high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7093–0.7117), and low ε_Nd (T) values (?9.6 to ?12.1); Group II has relatively low SiO₂ (44.8–50.0 wt.%), high MgO (10.8–14.2 wt.%) and compatible trace element (e.g. Cr?=?456–1,041 ppm) contents, low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7073–0.7087), and high ε_Nd (T) values (?1.4 to ?2.9); Group III is transitional between the two in all elemental and isotopic compositions. Interpretation of the elemental and isotopic data suggests that the lamprophyric melts were derived by partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) at a depth of 60–80 km (group I), decompression melting of upwelling asthenosphere at 60–100 km (group II), and mixing between the SCLM-derived and asthenosphere-derived melts (group III). It is assumed that the local SCLM was detached at a depth of 60–80 km by the 155 Ma ago. A continental arc-rifting related to the Palaeo-Pacific plate subduction is favored as a geodynamic force for such a cratonic lithosphere detachment.     

兰州地区新近纪地层的沉积相与古环境记录

兰州地区位于黄土和青藏高原的过渡带,其第三纪地层对研究风尘沉积发育和青藏高原隆升都有着特殊的意义。本研究以0.25 m为间距对厚度210 m的兰州皋兰山剖面的新近纪地层采集样品901个,在实验室对试验样品进行前处理后对其进行了粒度、磁化率和色度测试。用粒度分布函数的方法分离了沉积物的各成因组分,确定了风成组分和水成组分在全剖面沉积物中所占的百分比。结合色度和磁化率的实验结果分析表明,皋兰山剖面地层以风尘沉积为主,其间夹有河流相沉积的约15层砂岩。古环境的恢复表明,兰州地区从至少约7 Ma开始,沉积地层经历了由河湖相向风尘沉积转变,气候干旱化开始,与黄土高原风尘序列堆积底界8～7 Ma基本一致。6～5.2 Ma构造稳定,是比较开阔的平原环境,并且气候条件比较湿热;5.2～3.5 Ma间构造波动比较频繁,形成了间隔性的河流相砂岩沉积,而在气候表现为干冷;自3.5 Ma开始,兰州地区发生相对构造沉陷,五泉砾岩层的发育是对青藏运动A幕的具体响应。