Modeling tropospheric ozone formation over East China in springtime

In this study, we investigate the springtime O₃ formation over East China (April 2008) using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). A simple process analysis scheme is added to WRF/Chem, which could calculate the contributions of photochemical and physical processes to O₃ formation. WRF/Chem calculates the hourly 3-D O₃ mixing ratios, photochemical O₃ production rates (CPR) and physical processes contribution rates (PCR) on a two nested domain system, with inner domain focusing on East China. Model evaluation shows that the modeled results agree relatively well with the observations. On the ground level, the high O₃ mixing ratios (>45 ppbv) are located over Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. The O₃ levels over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and northern Jiangsu are low (<30 ppbv). The distribution patterns of CPR and PCR over East China reveal that the high O₃ mixing ratios over Jiangxi and Fujian are caused by both local photochemical generation and regional transport, while the O₃ concentrations over the YRD region are transported and diffused from surrounding areas. In addition, the contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions as well as the regional transport from domain’s upstream regions are discussed. On average, the biogenic and anthropogenic emissions account for 2.6 and 4.5 ppbv of daytime mean O₃ mixing ratios in East China, respectively.     

An enhanced engineering perspective of global climate systems and statistical formulation of terrestrial CO2 exchanges

This paper designs a comprehensive approach based on the engineering machine/system concept, to model, analyze, and assess the level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, which is an important factor in understanding changes in global climate. The focus of this article is on spatial patterns and on the correlation between levels of CO₂ fluxes and a variety of influencing factors in eco-environments. The engineering/machine concept used is a system protocol that includes the sequential activities of design, test, observe, and model. This concept is applied to explicitly include various influencing factors and interactions associated with CO₂ fluxes. To formulate effective models of a large and complex climate system, this article introduces a modeling technique that will be referred to as stochastic filtering analysis of variance (SF-ANOVA). The CO₂ flux data observed from some sites of AmeriFlux are used to illustrate and validate the analysis, prediction, and globalization capabilities of the proposed engineering approach and the SF-ANOVA technique. The SF-ANOVA modeling approach was compared to stepwise regression, ridge regression, and neural networks. The comparison indicated that the proposed approach is a valid and effective tool with similar accuracy and less complexity than the other procedures.     

国土资源部门户网站社会影响综述

网站的社会影响通过网站的国际排名、点击率、社会对网站的评价等来显现。国土资源部门户网站的点击数不断增加,国际排名稳步上升,PR值较高,也获得了领导的肯定,获得多项奖励,社会影响不断增长。     

陕西省宁陕县香子坪金矿矿床地质特征及找矿标志

香子坪金矿床位于秦岭造山带南秦岭构造亚带北缘,北西向断裂带控制着含金构造蚀变带及金矿体的分布,硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、绿泥石化、褐铁矿化等蚀变为找矿标志,蚀变矿物愈多、组合愈复杂,金、银的品位往往越高。金矿成因类型为脉型及蚀变岩型金矿。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘中晚三叠世物源演变及其地质意义*

针对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘中晚三叠世物源构成转化及盆山耦合机制不清的问题,选取了铜川地区金锁关剖面和周至柳叶河剖面的延长组砂岩为研究对象,运用岩石学、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学的方法,探讨鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组的物源构成和变化,并探寻其构造耦合机制。结果表明,金锁关剖面上三叠统碎屑锆石可分为5个年龄段,分别是237-330 Ma、390-480 Ma、870-1230 Ma、1740-1980 Ma、2070-2732 Ma,中三叠统碎屑锆石共具有4个年龄段,分别是240-290 Ma、1760-1840 Ma、2250-2300 Ma、2350-2700 Ma;盆地南端柳叶河地区上三叠统碎屑锆石共具有5个年龄段,分别是244-310 Ma、360-600 Ma、800-1300 Ma、1700-2100 Ma和2450-2550 Ma。通过物源对比发现,中三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地南缘的物源来自于华北克拉通、兴蒙造山带和阿拉善地区,晚三叠世沉积砂体的物源来自华北克拉通、阿拉善、兴蒙造山带、西秦岭、北秦岭以及祁连造山带,且岩石学特征和源区构造背景的转变均支持这一认识。这种物源的转变,与中三叠世盆地南部秦岭造山带的活化以及盆地样式的转变有关。     

西藏斯弄多银-铅-锌矿床流体包裹体研究和稳定同位素特征

斯弄多银铅锌(金)矿床位于拉萨地体隆格尔—工布江达弧背断隆带南侧上,是冈底斯北缘Pb-Zn-Ag成矿带中段上发现的首例低硫化型浅成低温热液矿床。矿体赋存在林子宗群火山岩中,受火山活动形成的近南北向次级断裂控制。成矿过程可划分为伊利石-绢云母-玉髓-碧玉±铁锰碳酸盐(Ⅰ),石英-黄铁矿±方铅矿±闪锌矿(Ⅱ),方铅矿-闪锌矿-石英-黄铁矿-绢云母±银矿物±碳酸盐(Ⅲ),辉银矿-硫砷铜银矿-方铅矿±深红银矿±自然银±闪锌矿±黄铜矿(Ⅳ),以及石英±碳酸盐±绢云母(Ⅴ)等五个阶段。本次选取了34件Ⅲ阶段和12件V阶段样品进行包裹体岩相学、显微测温、包裹体的气相及离子色谱和Si-H-O同位素研究,探讨了斯弄多矿床的成矿流体性质、来源和成矿沉淀机制。研究结果表明:斯弄多矿床主成矿期石英和闪锌矿中发育纯液相型(PL)、富液相水溶液型(WL)和富气相水溶液型(WG)三种类型的包裹体,后期无矿石英脉中仅发育PL和WL两种类型。其中Ⅲ阶段石英均一温度为185.6~290.7℃,盐度介于1.57%~5.71%,密度为0.76~0.92 g/cm~3;闪锌矿均一温度为197.2~280.8℃,盐度介于1.22%~5.71%,密度为0.75~0.99 g/cm~3;Ⅴ阶段石英均一温度147.6~218.7℃,盐度介于2.07%~8.94%;密度为0.88~0.98 g/cm~3。成矿流体均具有低温、低压、低密度的特点。Ⅲ阶段石英包裹体中气相成分主要以H_2O和CO_2为主;液相成分中阳离子以Ca~(2+)、K~+为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2–)、Cl~–和F~–为主。Ⅱ阶段成矿流体的δ~(30)Si分布范围为–0.2‰~0.1‰,δD值介于–151‰~–177‰,计算获得的δ~(18)O H_2O值介于–5.02‰~–0.63‰。Si-H-O同位素结果表明,斯弄多矿床成矿流体主要为大气降水;包裹体中大量CO_2和SO_4~(2–)、F~–等酸性气体和离子成分表明流体中仍保留微弱岩浆水的特征。斯弄多矿床Ⅲ阶段流体为不混溶流体,流体沸腾、气体逃逸、热液隐爆是金属物质快速沉淀富集成矿的主要机制。     

Crisis information distribution on Twitter: a content analysis of tweets during Hurricane Sandy

Social media has been widely used for crisis communication during disasters, and its use during extreme events has drawn attention from both researchers and practitioners. Although crisis information coverage and distribution speed are important issues, both have not been studied extensively in the literature. This paper fills this gap by studying information distribution and coverage of social media during disasters. To this end, we searched and analyzed 986,579 tweets posted during Hurricane Sandy (October 22 to November 6, 2012). To learn about responses from official agents, we sampled 163 governmental organizations (GO), 31 non-governmental organizations (NGO) and 276 news agent accounts and their tweets for analysis. Specifically, five social media key performance indicators (KPIs) are studied in this paper, including impression, like, mention, re-tweet, and response time, and other variables such as hashtag, tweet frequency, and information type. We also test whether the five KPIs and other variables are different among different user types. Results show that total impression, re-tweet rate, hashtag, and tweet frequency are significantly \((P<0.05)\) different among different user types. Specifically, although news agent users generate a larger number of total impressions and tweet more frequently than GO and NGO users, their re-tweet rates and number of hashtags are lower than the GO and NGO users. Re-tweet rate based on mentioned users (5%) is significantly higher \((P=0.00)\) than that based on regular followers (0.01%). Nearly 89% of total impressions are generated from regular followers, with impressions from re-tweeting being a minority. This paper provides some new insights into how social media was used for crisis communication during disasters.     

辽东岫岩-宽甸地区古元古代条痕状花岗岩的岩石地球化学特征及其构造意义

辽吉地区地处华北克拉通胶-辽-吉带北部,区域内发育有相对完整的古元古代沉积作用与岩浆活动。本文对辽吉地区2个古元古代条痕状花岗岩体(鸡冠山岩体和老黑山岩体)进行了岩石学、地球化学和成因学研究。研究表明,条痕状花岗岩(二长花岗片麻岩)样品具有高的K_2O/Na_2O、FeOT/MgO比值和Ga、Zr、Y含量以及低的CaO、MgO、Sr、Cr、Co、Ni含量,全碱(K_2O+Na_2O)含量变化于7.97%~9.08%。在SiO_2-K_2O图中,条痕状花岗岩主要位于高钾钙碱系列区域,样品A/CNK值介于0.84~1.03之间,A/NK值为1.11~1.17,10000Ga/Al比值全部大于2.6,为高钾钙碱性铝质A型花岗岩。其中6个样品的εNd(t)为-3.3~-0.9,Nd同位素两阶段模式年龄tDM2=2860~2669Ma,暗示其形成于太古宙地壳的部分熔融。条痕状花岗岩富集Rb、U、K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,具有明显的俯冲带岩浆特征,在Rb/30-Hf-Ta×3图中落入火山弧区域;其Y相对于Nb更富集,具有与岛弧玄武岩相似的Y/Nb等元素比值,在Y/Nb-Rb/Nb和Nb-Y-Ce图解中落入A_2型花岗岩区域。古元古代早期,辽吉地区处于大陆弧后盆地构造环境,强烈的弧后伸展作用产生了条痕状花岗岩;在后期的地体拼贴过程中,条痕状花岗岩与周围岩石共同变形并最终构造挤压在一起。     

赣东北朱溪钨(铜)矿区高分异花岗岩的成因及与钨矿的关系

朱溪钨(铜)矿是江西东北部近年来发现的超大型钨矿,本文报道了与成矿相关岩体的主量元素、微量元素、Nd同位素成分和黑云母、斜长石电子探针数据,以探讨岩体成因以及F在岩浆演化及成矿过程中的作用。朱溪矿区花岗岩具有富硅铝、贫钙镁的特征,属于典型的S型花岗岩,而不是A型花岗岩。Nd同位素(εNd(t)=-10.1~-7.9)、岩石学、地球化学特征表明朱溪矿区花岗岩是在超高温麻粒岩相条件下形成于下地壳含富Mg/Ti黑云母的麻粒岩相残留体的再次部分熔融,并非双桥山群变质沉积岩的直接部分熔融以及九岭(和杨草尖)黑云母花岗岩的重融形成。三类岩石可能代表同一个母岩浆的分离结晶的产物,结晶的先后次序为二云母花岗岩-白云母花岗岩-白云母花岗斑岩。这些花岗岩具有明显的富F特征,F的加入降低了花岗岩岩浆的固相线温度(低锆饱和温度,621~779℃)和粘度,延长了岩浆演化过程,导致了强烈的分离结晶作用和熔体-流体作用,并形成偏离正常岩浆体系的微量元素比值(低K/Rb、Zr/Hf、La/Nb、La/Ta比值)。朱溪矿区花岗岩较长的岩浆演化时间和较低的结晶温度使其可以长时间萃取双桥山群等围岩中的W元素。F与W具有明显的正相关性,W与F络合随流体迁移,巨量的W在合适的温压条件下沉淀。朱溪矿区高分异花岗岩对于钨矿的形成起了重要作用。