曲靖非相干散射雷达电离层F区日间电子温度变化特征初步分析

利用曲靖非相干散射雷达2017—2018年春夏季观测数据首次分析了电离层日间150～450km电子温度的地方时与高度变化特征及其与电子密度的相关性.发现hmF2及以上的电子温度在日出日落时具有两个峰值,在11∶00—16∶00LT之间变化较小,高度越高午后上升的时间越早;从150km开始迅速增加,在约220km达到最大值,然后开始降低,在约300～350km达到最小值,最后单调上升;200km以下电子温度与电子密度成正相关(主要由热传导控制),200～450km之间存在明显的反相关(光电离过程占主导),电子-离子温度差与电子密度对数之间存在近似线性关系,电子温度逐日变化与光电离因子的变化趋势相似,这种相关性在中午与午后更明显;以上结果与其他非相干散射雷达观测和电离层模型计算结果基本一致,但也存在一些差别,需要结合更多数据深入分析.     

Vertical dynamic response of a rigid foundation embedded in a poroelastic soil layer

A simplified analytical method is presented for the vertical dynamic analysis of a rigid, massive, cylindrical foundation embedded in a poroelastic soil layer. The foundation is subjected to a time‐harmonic vertical loading and is perfectly bonded to the surrounding soil in the vertical direction. The soil underlying the foundation base is represented by a single‐layered poroelastic soil based on rigid bedrock while the soil at the side of the foundation is modeled as an independent poroelastic layer composed of a series of infinitesimally thin layers. The behavior of the soil is governed by Biot's poroelastodynamic theory and its governing equations are solved by the use of Hankel integral transform. The contact surface between the foundation base and the soil is smooth and fully permeable. The dynamic interaction problem is solved following standard numerical procedures. The accuracy of the present solution is verified by comparisons with the well‐known solutions obtained from other approaches for both the elastodynamic interaction problem and poroelastodynamic interaction problem. Numerical results for the vertical dynamic impedance and response factor of the foundation are presented to demonstrate the influence of nondimensional frequency of excitation, soil layer thickness, poroelastic material parameters, depth ratio and mass ratio on the dynamic response of a rigid foundation embedded in a poroelastic soil layer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interannual variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes in the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is significantly influenced by El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through ENSO-driven atmospheric and oceanic changes. We analyzed measurements made from 1960 to 2004 to investigate the interannual variability of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over the SCS. Both the interannual variations of latent and sensible heat fluxes are closely related to ENSO events. The low-pass mean heat flux anomalies vary in a coherent manner with the low-pass mean Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Time lags between the heat flux anomalies and the SST anomalies were also studied. We found that latent heat flux anomalies have a minimum value around January of the year following El Niño events. During and after the mature phase of El Niño, a change of atmospheric circulation alters the local SCS near-surface humidity and the monsoon winds. During the mature phase of El Niño, the wind speed decreases over the entire sea, and the air-sea specific humidity difference anomalies decreases in the northern SCS and increases in the southern SCS. Thus, a combined effect of wind speed anomalies and air-sea specific humidity difference anomalies results in the latent heat flux anomalies attaining minimum levels around January of the year following an El Niño year.     

夏季青藏高原水汽输送特征

使用ＧＭＳ－５的６．７μｍ水汽图、云图及天气图等资料，综合分析了１９９５年６月中旬至７月上旬青藏高原上空的水汽输送过程，总结出中、高层水汽输送的三种环流型特征（脊东型、脊西型和反相型）；并初步分析了它们与降雨的关系。     

基于夜间灯光数据的南京城镇用地提取

针对多时相夜间灯光影像无法直接对比的问题,该文提出了一种基于不变目标进行不同年份不同卫星夜间灯光数据的校正方法。在系统校正多时相夜间灯光数据的基础上,应用支持向量机分类算法提取城镇用地信息,并分析1992—2013年南京城镇扩张动态变化规律。结果表明:该数据校正方法可以有效减少年际夜间灯光影像之间的异常差异,提高不同年份数据间的连续性和可比较性;支持向量机分类算法提取的4个样区城镇用地信息总体精度和Kappa系数平均值分别为88.35%和0.56,能够准确反映区域城镇发展的实际情况;1992—2013年南京城镇经历先缓慢后快速的扩张过程,主城区在1992年城镇基础上往四周扩张,并沿长江及南北交通走廊发展。     

2008-2015年北京高速公路道面结冰特征分析

道面结冰是北京地区高速公路交通安全的主要危害因素。利用北京地区2008-2015年28个ROSA交通气象站的结冰数据分析了北京地区高速公路道面结冰的基本特征。结果表明：（1）北京市高速公路道面结冰空间差异显著,不同高速公路结冰特征显著不同,同一高速公路不同路段结冰特征也明显不同,这与高速公路各路段局地气候存在差异有关。（2）道面结冰主要发生在北部和东部高速公路所在路段,以小汤山西桥站、顾家庄桥站、六道口桥站和丁各庄桥站道面结冰灾害最为严重。冬季道面结冰月变化显著,11月和3月,结冰次数较少,结冰持续时间短;12月、1月和2月结冰次数多,结冰持续时间长。（3）持续时间越长的结冰过程结冰次数越少。不同持续时间的结冰过程在各时段的结冰次数和累积结冰时长均存在明显差异,两者在各时刻的演变特征基本相同,峰值均出现在22：00,且在00：00之后呈明显减少趋势。（4）大部分站点慢车道比快车道更容易结冰,少部分站点快、慢车道结冰率近似,有的站点甚至快车道结冰率远高于慢车道。快、慢车道水或覆盖物厚度与交通站点所处位置的局地气象条件密切相关。（5）气温、道面温度和大地温度与水或覆盖物的厚度变化呈反相位,即温度越低,水或覆盖物的厚度越大。这可为北京地区道面结冰预报预警方法的开展提供着眼点和依据。     

台湾岛和台湾海峡地区台风和伴生低压相对运动规律初探

本文根据1949—1987年有关的台风资料,研究台湾岛和台湾海峡地区台风和伴生低压相对运动规律。台风和伴生低压相互旋转,气旋式和反气旋式各占一半。利用它们所处的方位,可以定性判别旋转方向。气旋式的旋转角度与两者初始距离、强度、方位关联较好,台风和伴生低压的相互作用对它们的路径有影响,有2/3的路径产生突变,这些变化是:台风有折加速,互旋左折减速,伴生低压发展取代台风。      

试论知识经济时代的地理学

近几年,知识经济这一概念在全世界范围得到迅速传播,引起了社会各界的强烈反响．尽管,对于知识经济时代空竟何时到来,学者们虽有争议,但是大家都不约而同地认为,知识经济这一概念恰当地概括了当今世界经济的特征和发展趋势,知识经济将改变人类社会经济生活的各个方面。