古田水库2004年蓄水型人工增雨作业分析

将宁德市人工增雨指挥系统应用到2004年6~8月古田水库抗旱蓄水型人工增雨作业和进行综合效果评价,取得显著效果。5次作业过程,水库流域共增雨16117×104m3。结果表明:新一代天气雷达宁德市人工增雨指挥系统在实际作业中应用,对旱情的监测、作业条件确定、把握最佳作业时机、场外作业指挥、云团跟踪分析、效果综合评价等方面发挥了很好的作用,使人工增雨作业科学化、客观化、系统化,提高了工作效率,增强了工作效果,扩大了社会影响。     

基于集合经验模态分解的新疆地区温度场预测评估

综合运用经验正交分解法(EOF),集合经验模态分解(EEMD)和最小二乘支持向量机（LS SVM）,构建新疆地区候平均温度距平场预测模型。采用EEMD分别对经过EOF分解得到的前3个模态的时间系数进行分解,对分解得到的结果运用最小二乘支持向量机进行预测并重构得到了各个时间系数的预测结果,将时间系数预测的结果与空间场重构得到了候平均温度距平场的计算结果,在候平均的基础上计算得到了旬平均的结果,在旬平均的基础上计算得到了月平均的结果。通过采用距平相关系数(ACC〖WTBZ〗),预报技巧(SS)〖WTBZ〗和同号率对结果进行评估显示,对于候平均预测,其在前20候内的预测较为理想,平均ACC〖WTBZ〗达到了0.32,平均SS〖WTBZ〗达到了0.70,平均同号率达到了0.80。对于旬平均的预测,其在前10旬内较为理想,10旬以内平均ACC〖WTBZ〗达到了0.50,平均SS〖WTBZ〗达到了0.50,平均同号率达到了0.50。对于月平均的预测,3个月的预测平均ACC〖WTBZ〗达到了0.50,平均SS〖WTBZ〗达到了0.50,平均同号率达到了0.80。3个月内的短期气候预测具有较高的水平。     

Statistical Downscaling of Pattern Projection Using Multi-Model Output Variables as Predictors

A pattern projection downscaling method is employed to predict monthly station precipitation. The predictand is the monthly precipitation at 1 station in China, 60 stations in Korea, and 8 stations in Thailand. The predictors are multiple variables from the output of operational dynamical models. The hindcast datasets span a period of 21 yr from 1983 to 2003. A downscaled prediction is made for each model separately within a leave-one-out cross-validation framework. The pattern projection method uses a moving window, which scans globally, in order to seek the most optimal predictor for each station. The final forecast is the average of the model downscaled precipitation forecasts using the best predictors and is referred to as DMME. It is found that DMME significantly improves the prediction skill by correcting the erroneous signs of the rainfall anomalies in coarse resolution predictions of general circulation models. The correlation coefficient between the prediction of DMME and the observation in Beijing of China reaches 0.71; the skill is improved to 0.75 for Korea and 0.61 for Thailand. The improvement of the prediction skills for the first two cases is attributed to three steps: coupled pattern selection, optimal predictor selection, and multi-model downscaled precipitation ensemble. For Thailand, we use the single-predictor prediction, which results in a lower prediction skill than the other two cases. This study indicates that the large-scale circulation variables, which are predicted by the current operational dynamical models, if selected well, can be used to make skillful predictions of local precipitation by means of appropriate statistical downscaling.     

临近绿洲的沙漠上空近地面层内水汽输送特征

1991年7月在HEIFE实验区沙漠站进行了一次水汽输送观测实验。观测发现近地面层内比湿廓线常常出现极小值，该极小值高度为零水汽通量面的高度。这个高度以上水汽向下输送，廓线呈逆湿特征，这个高度以下水汽向上输送，廓线呈蒸发特征。沙漠上空近地面层内水汽不是常通量，在一个固定高度上观测到的水汽通量和“潜热通量”不能代表地面的蒸发量和潜热通量。     

呼和浩特站新一代天气雷达疑难报警故障分析

随着新一代天气雷达在内蒙古的布点不断增多,以及应用范围的不断扩大,这对雷达技术保障工作提出了更高的要求。针对呼和浩特站雷达故障个例,探讨如何进行雷达相关部分的原理分析、判断定位和故障排除,并总结了故障排除的方法。     

What controls early or late onset of tropical North Atlantic hurricane season?

The occurrence of first hurricane in early summer signifies the onset of an active Atlantic hurricane season. The interannual variation of this hurricane onset date is examined for the period 1979-2013. It is found that the onset date has a marked interannual variation. The standard deviation of the interannual variation of the onset day is 17.5 days, with the climatological mean onset happening on July 23.A diagnosis of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis potential index (GPI) indicates that the major difference between an early and a late onset group lies in the maximum potential intensity (MPI). A further diagnosis of the MPI shows that it is primarily controlled by the local SST anomaly (SSTA). Besides the SSTA, vertical shear and mid-tropospheric relative humidity anomalies also contribute significantly to the GPI difference between the early and late onset groups.It is found that the anomalous warm (cold) SST over the tropical Atlantic, while uncorrelated with the Niño3 index, persists from the preceding winter to concurrent summer in the early (late) onset group. The net surface heat flux anomaly always tends to damp the SSTA, which suggests that ocean dynamics may play a role in maintaining the SSTA in the tropical Atlantic. The SSTA pattern with a maximum center in northeastern tropical Atlantic appears responsible for generating the observed wind and moisture anomalies over the main TC development region. A further study is needed to understand the initiation mechanism of the SSTA in the Atlantic.     

Estimation of the monthly precipitation predictability limit in China using the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent

By using the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent and nonlinear error growth dynamics, the predictability limit of monthly precipitation is quantitatively estimated based on daily observations collected from approximately 500 stations in China for the period 1960–2012. As daily precipitation data are not continuous in space and time, a transformation is first applied and a monthly standardized precipitation index (SPI) with Gaussian distribution is constructed. The monthly SPI predictability limit (MSPL) is quantitatively calculated for SPI dry, wet, and neutral phases. The results show that the annual mean MSPL varies regionally for both wet and dry phases: the MSPL in the wet (dry) phase is relatively higher (lower) in southern China than in other regions. Further, the pattern of the MSPL for the wet phase is almost opposite to that for the dry phase in both autumn and winter. The MSPL in the dry phase is higher in winter and lower in spring and autumn in southern China, while the MSPL values in the wet phase are higher in summer and winter than those in spring and autumn in southern China. The spatial distribution of the MSPL resembles that of the prediction skill of monthly precipitation from a dynamic extended-range forecast system.     

Atmospheric Environmental Capacity of SO2 in Winter over Lanzhou in China： A Case Study

The total emission control method based on atmospheric environmental capacity is the most effective in air pollution mitigation. The atmospheric environmental capacities of SO2 on representative days over Lanzhou are estimated using the numerical models RAMS, HYPACT and a linear programming model, according to the national ambient air quality standard of China （NAAQSCHN）. The results show that the fields of meteorological elements and SO2 simulated by the models agree reasonably well with observations. The atmospheric environmental capacity of SO2 over Lanzhou is around 111.7 × 10^3 kg d^-1, and in order to meet the air quality level Ⅱ of the NAAQSCHN, SO2 emissions need to be reduced by 20%.     

山东地区闪电密度时空分布特征

利用山东地区2006年6月至2007年10月13站的闪电资料,分析了该地区闪电密度的时空分布特征。结果表明:13站相比5站布局,获取的闪电样本更多,代表性更好,探测精度更高,分析结果存在差异;闪电密度高值区域出现一定的南移,在半岛内陆地区和东部荣成市出现了新的高值区域,负闪所占比例增加,占99.06%,平均闪电强度增大,负闪平均强度11.47 kA明显低于正闪平均强度25.04 kA;正、负闪电频次年、日变化均呈双峰值特征,但不同时间、不同区域之间存在差异;闪电强度季节变化呈单峰谷形式,但各区域峰谷时间有差异,且冬季没有正闪电发生。     

两种四维SVD同化方法的比较及误差分析

4DSVD是最近提出的一种新的资料同化方法。目前还存在一些需要解决的问题,比如如何选取样本,如何得到支撑大气吸引子的基向量以及选取基向量的个数问题等等。作者利用奇异值分解(SVD)与经验正交函数分解(EOF)两种方法来获得支撑大气吸引子的基向量,推导了基于这两种方法的4DSVD分析场的理论公式,并用简单的数值试验比较了基于这两种方法的4DSVD分析场的空间相关系数和误差,初步分析了分析场与基向量个数的关系以及与样本选取的关系和分析误差的来源及各种误差对分析误差影响的相对大小。结果表明,用SVD方法作为获得支撑大气吸引子基向量的方法得到的分析场较EOF方法稳定,分析场与基向量个数有密切关系,观测误差、模式误差和观测代表性误差是分析误差的主要来源,且其引起的分析误差随着基向量个数增多而增大。