Simulation method of sliding snow load on roofs and its application in some representative regions of China

Sliding snow load on roofs is an important issue. Thus, a simulation method to calculate the sliding snow load on roofs is developed in this paper. Firstly, based on previous mass- and energy-balance models, a snowmelt model for building roofs, which focuses on the features of snowpack on roofs, is developed. Then, the sufficient condition proposed in the paper for snow sliding on roofs requires that the liquid water in the snow layer on roofs exceeds the maximum water-holding capacity of snow. The present method is used to simulate the sliding snow loads on roofs in several representative regions in China. These regions are selected because of their representative locations in China and the heavy snowfalls during winter. Moreover, the influences of the features of the climate, the shielding effect of neighboring buildings, and the heat gained from the inside of buildings are analyzed. The contributions of various energies to snow slide are presented quantitatively. The results indicate that the radiation has the greatest contribution to the melting of snow, followed by the sensible heat and the latent heat, as well as the energies caused by precipitation and heat transfer from the inside of buildings. Finally, a comparison between the simulated results and results from some load codes is made, and a simplified formula that can calculate the sliding snow load coefficient is given for the convenient application of structural engineers.     

日晷投影和等距离正圆柱投影在极区航海图编制及航海应用中的比较

北极地区航海图编制是北极航道开通之前最重要的航海保障准备工作之一.在分析国内相关研究的基础上,针对日晷投影和等距离正圆柱投影在极区航海图编制及航海应用中的适用性问题,从这两种投影的性质与特点、投影变形的大小与分布以及图幅设计计算、图上定位与量读、图上等角航线与大圆航线绘制和邻幅拼接的难易等角度进行分析与比较.研究结果表...     

高延性混凝土加固震损混凝土短柱小偏心受压性能试验研究

通过5个高延性混凝土(HDC)加固震损混凝土短柱偏心受压性能试验,研究了HDC对加固震损混凝土短柱的偏压承载能力和变形能力的影响程度.试验结果表明,采用HDC加固震损偏心混凝土短柱,可有效改善小偏心受压构件的脆性破坏,且受压承载能力有明显提高,峰值荷载提高了49％～63％,与峰值荷载对应地位移增大了34％～39％,极限...     

汶川地震断裂带断层滑移作用——来自高磁化率断层岩的信息

断层岩与地震有着密切相关,通常沿断裂带的断层面发育.本研究以2008年汶川地震(Ms8.0)的发震断裂(映秀-北川断裂带)发育的古地震造成的断层岩为研究对象,利用Bartington MS2仪器表面测量探头对发育于四川省都江堰市虹口乡(31°8.789ˊN,103°41.472ˊE)映秀-北川断裂带花岗岩中的两条断层岩开展了高密度测量.测试结果表明磁化率在2×10-6SI到74×10-6SI之间变化,所测剖面均显示出断层岩区域与高磁化率相互对应现象.这种现象可能是由于断层滑移作用产生的高磨擦温度导致断层岩中高磁化率新矿物的形成所致.断层滑移作用致使断层泥中矿物颗粒粒径的减小也可能使磁化率增强.高磁化率断层岩(断层泥)的存在可以作为地震断层的判别依据之一,本研究对于定量分析研究断层岩(断层泥)提供了一种新尝试.     

残留盆地油气系统研究方法——以中国南方中、古生界海相地层为例

通过对南方中、古生界油气地质综合研究及勘探成果总结,初步提出一套改造型残留盆地或叠合盆地的油气系统研究方法,其核心思路是强调进行油气地质的“动态演化”研究,主要通过拟三维盆地模拟反演主要烃源岩的时空演化、生烃过程及其不同地质阶段中的生烃强度、资源量,结合古今油气藏解剖分析油气成藏—破坏规律及古构造分析研究油气运聚指向,结合主要构造运动期对南方中、古生界主要油气系统进行了分阶段的动态演化研究,认为南方中、古生界油气勘探的现实对象是次生油气系统及再生烃油气系统,现存的原生油气系统很少,提出南方中、古生界油气勘探有利区为川东北大巴山前缘及石柱复向斜西侧高陡背斜带、苏北盆地阜宁—盐城—海安—兴化—宝应地区、江汉盆地沉湖地区南部潜江—仙桃—牌州—汊参1井地区、江西南鄱阳盆地及云南楚雄盆地北部凹陷,这一认识已经得到苏北盆地盐城凹陷朱家墩气田及江汉盆地沉湖地区南部开先台西含油构造勘探发现的证实。     

Application of a time-magnitude prediction model for earthquakes

In this paper we discuss the physical meaning of the magnitude-time model parameters for earthquake prediction. The gestation process for strong earthquake in all eleven seismic zones in China can be described by the magnitude-time prediction model using the computations of the parameters of the model. The average model parameter values for China are： b = 0.383, c=0.154, d = 0.035, B = 0.844, C = -0.209, and D = 0.188. The robustness of the model parameters is estimated from the variation in the minimum magnitude of the transformed data, the spatial extent, and the temporal period. Analysis of the spatial and temporal suitability of the model indicates that the computation unit size should be at least 4°× 4°for seismic zones in North China, at least 3° × 3° in Southwest and Northwest China, and the time period should be as long as possible.     

汛期旱涝趋势预测因子的选择和信息综合及应用

建立在统计模型基础上的旱涝趋势预测的稳定性和准确性, 依赖于预测因子的选择和综合。该文在选择前期预测因子时, 既考虑了因子的物理意义, 又从尺度对应原理出发, 对与预测对象相应时间尺度的因子作综合处理, 最大程度保留了可用预测信息。对长江三角洲汛期降水场进行试验比较, 证明该方法能显著提高预测技巧。     

CT扫描在腹部实质性脏器损伤中的作用

目的：进一步提高对腹部实质性器官损伤的CT表现的认识水平，方法：56例经临床、手术证实的腹部外伤患者，男43例，女13例，年龄7－58岁，平均年龄23．2岁，全部行中上腹部CT平扫。结果：56例中，脾挫裂伤23例，脾包膜下血肿5例，脾内血肿4例；肝挫裂伤并包膜下血肿4例，肝内血肿3例：肝脾破裂并包膜下血肿5例，肾挫裂伤2例，肾包膜下血肿3例，肾内血肿3例，胰腺挫伤1例，肾上腺挫伤2例。结论：CT平均对腹部实质性器官的损伤有重要作用，肝实质局限性受压是包膜下血肿与腹腔积血的较为特征性征象。     

Methods of Studying Petroleum Systems in Residual Basins-A Case Study of Mesozoic and Palaeozoic MarineBasins in Southern China

Through an integrated study of Mesozoic and Palaeozoic petroleum geology in southern China and a summing-up of the results of exploration, the authors tentatively put forward a set of methods of studying petroleum systems in modified residual basins or superposed basins. Its core idea is to put emphasis on the study of the dynamic evolution of petroleum systems. The tempo-spatial evolution, hydrocarbon-generating processes and hydrocarbon-generating intensities and amounts of resources in different geological stages of chief source rocks are mainly deduced backward by 3-D basin modelling. The regularities of formation and destruction of oil and gas accumulations are summarized by analyzing the fossil and existing oil and gas accumulations, the direction of migration is studied by palaeo-structural analysis, and the dynamic evolution of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic petroleum systems in southern China is studied according to stages of major tectonic movements. The authors suggest that the realistic exploration     

汶川地震（MS 8.0）地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用

2008年5月12日14时28分,青藏高原东缘龙门山地区发生了震惊世界的汶川地震（MS 8.0）,地震不仅造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,并形成了迄今为止空间上分布最为复杂、长度最大的逆冲型同震地表破裂带。通过多次野外考查表明,汶川地震（MS 8.0）在龙门山断裂带上至少使两条NE走向、倾向NW的映秀-北川断裂和灌县-安县断裂同时发生地表破裂,并沿映秀-北川断裂产生的地表破裂带长度约275 km,以逆冲运动伴随右旋走滑为其破裂特征,最大垂直位移量约11 m,最大右旋走滑位移量至少约12 m;沿灌县-安县断裂产生的地表破裂带长度约80 km,表现为纯逆冲运动的破裂特征,最大垂直位移量约4 m;另外发育一条长约6 km呈NW走向连接于映秀-北川破裂带和汉旺破裂带的小鱼洞破裂带,以左旋走滑兼有逆冲运动为特征。地表破裂基本沿袭早先活动断裂带上,并使早先抬高的地貌更加抬高,表明龙门山地区地震在同一断裂带上重复发生过,并且无数次地震活动（包括类似汶川MS 8.0地震的强震）的累积,逐渐形成了现今的龙门山。根据同震断裂面以及断裂面上的擦痕分析表明,汶川地震是由两次破裂事件叠加而成,初期破裂以逆冲运动为主,后期破裂以右旋走滑为主,这种破裂过程与地震波数据反演结果（陈运泰等,2008;Ji, 2008;王为民等,2008）一致。在地表破裂带南段（映秀—清平段）叠加了两次不同性质的破裂过程,北段（北川—南坝段）只反映了第二次破裂事件的过程。利用长期滑移速率与汶川地震同震位移对比,估算出在龙门山断裂带上类似汶川地震（MS 8.0）的强震复发周期为3000~6000 a。通过对比研究,西昆仑山、阿尔金山和东昆仑山与龙门山具有很相似的转换挤压构造特征,斜向逆冲作用是青藏高原周缘山脉快速崛起的主要机制。