城市外来低收入移民安置与自下而上城市化发展

中国在由二元经济社会跨入现代经济社会的过程中 ,众多的农村人口向城市流动和转移 ,已经给中国社会和城市发展带来严重的影响。通过对广州市和东莞市两市三个层次的一般抽样调查和 5 0个镇村的重点调查和分析 ,以城市外来低收入移民为研究和安置的对象 ,提出了适合中国情况的自下而上的开发性移民自助安置模式 ;并分析了自助安置模式对城市发展的影响 ,提出了一种在城市地域发生的自下而上的城市化理论发展假设。     

K 近邻非参数回归概率预报技术及其应用

针对参数回归技术制作概率预报存在拟合好、但预报结果不稳定的现象, 提出了用K近邻非参数回归技术制作概率预报的新途径。K 近邻非参数回归技术包括历史样本数据库、近邻子集生成和优化以及预报量估计4 个主要部分。利用该技术进行了单要素概率预报(主要包括云量和降水)和多维联合概率预报(降水、总云量、风速和气温)试验, 并对试验结果进行了检验。实例研究结果表明:该文所给出的计算方案预报稳定性好, 准确率较高,具有良好的业务应用价值。     

Controlling factors of the δ 11B-pH proxy and its research direction

Significant boron isotope fractionation occurs in nature (?70 ‰ to +75 ‰) due to the high geochemical reactivity of boron and the large relative mass difference between ¹⁰B and ¹¹B. Since the 1990s, reconstruction of ancient seawater pH using the isotopic composition of boron in bio-carbonates (δ ¹¹B_carb), and then calculation of the past pCO₂ have become important issues for the international isotope geochemistry community, and are called the δ ¹¹B-pH proxy. Although many achievements have been made by this proxy, various aspects of boron systematics require rigorous evaluation. Based on the previous researches, mechanism of boron isotope fractionation, variation of boron isotope (δ ¹¹B) in nature (especially in bio-carbonates) and controlling factors of the δ ¹¹B-pH proxy, such as the dissociation constant of B(OH)₃ in seawater (pK_a), the δ ¹¹B of seawater (δ ¹¹B_SW), the boron isotopic fractionation factor between B(OH) ₄ ^? and B(OH)₃ (α _4–3), and the incorporated species of boron into bio-carbonates, are reviewed in detail and the research directions of this proxy are proposed. Generally, the controversy about pK_a, δ ¹¹B_sw, and α _4–3 is relatively less, but whether boron incorporated into bio-carbonates only in the form of B(OH) ₄ ^? remains doubtful. In the future, it is required that the physicochemical processes that control boron incorporation into carbonates be rigorously characterized and that the related chemical and isotopic fractionation be quantified. It is also necessary and important to establish a “best-fit empirically equation” between δ ¹¹B_carb and pH of seawater based on the precipitation experiments of inorganic or culture experiments of corals or foraminifera. In addition, extended application of the δ ¹¹B-pH proxy to the earlier part of the Phanerozoic relying on the Brachiopods is worthy of studying. Like other geochemical indicators, there are limiting factors of δ ¹¹B; however, it remains a very powerful tool in the reconstruction of past seawater pH at present.     

Hydrological cycle and water balance estimates for the megadune–lake region of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

The hydrology and water balance of megadunes and lakes have been investigated in the Badain Jaran Desert of China. Field observations and analyses of sand layer water content, field capacity, secondary salt content, and grain size reveal 3 types of important natural phenomenon: (a) vegetation bands on the leeward slope of the megadunes reflect the hydrological regime within the sandy vadose zone; (b) seepage, wet sand deposits, and secondary salt deposits indicate the pattern of water movement within the sandy vadose zone; (c) zones of groundwater seeps and descending springs around the lakes reflect the influence of the local topography on the hydrological regime of the megadunes. The seepage exposed on the sloping surface of the megadunes and gravity water contained within the sand layer confirm the occurrence of preferential flow within the vadose zone of the megadunes. Alternating layers of coarse and fine sand create the conditions for the formation of preferential flows. The preferential flows promote movement of water within the sand layer water that leads to deep penetration of water within the megadunes and ultimately to the recharging of groundwater and lake water. Our results indicate that a positive water balance promotes recharge of the megadunes, which depends on the high permeability of the megadune material, the shallow depth of the surface sand layer affected by evaporation, the occurrence of rainfall events exceeding 15 mm, and the sparse vegetation cover. Water balance estimates indicate that the annual water storage of the megadunes is about 7.5 mm, accounting for only 8% of annual precipitation; however, the shallow groundwater per unit area under the megadunes receives only 3.6% of annual precipitation, but it is still able to maintain a dynamic balance of the lake water. From a water budget perspective, the annual water storage in the megadunes is sufficient to serve as a recharge source for lake water, thereby enabling the long‐term persistence of the lakes. Overall, our findings demonstrate that precipitation is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in arid deserts.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘演变及气候因素分析

Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 （p〈0.01）, respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms （p〈0.01）, and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year＇s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of -0.433 （p〈0.01）, which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region.     

环境和生物样品中痕量双酚A的分析方法

作为环境类内分泌干扰物之一,双酚A由于被广泛作为化工原料使用而对环境和人类健康产生了严重的危害。文章对近年来国内外环境及生物样品中残留双酚A的最新前处理及检测技术的研究进展进行了综述。除常规前处理技术外,还介绍了包括搅拌棒吸附萃取及分子印迹等新型分离、富集技术在双酚A提取中的应用;另外,在着重介绍双酚A的色谱-质谱分析技术的基础上,对免疫分析、传感器检测和光学检测在双酚A检测中的应用也进行了详细报道。展望双酚A分析的发展趋势,二级串联质谱由于具有比其他分析方法更低的检出限,因此将会成为检测环境及生物样品中痕量双酚A的最具潜力的手段之一;研制价格低廉、重现性好、高通量的微型化、便携式、自动化仪器将是在线快速分析双酚A的另一个主要发展方向。     

在Google Earth平台上的虚拟社区构建

介绍虚拟现实技术及其在GIS中的应用,并采用Google Earth作为平台,利用已有数据资料进行虚拟社区的构建,并借助Google Earth进行发布,初步实现了相关功能,在一定程度上实现了虚拟现实技术与传统地理信息的结合。     

混合层厚度、风速和稳定度对地面SO2浓度分布影响的数值试验

利用Euler平流扩散方程和K模式闭合方案的数值解,讨论了混合层厚度、风速和稳定度3因子对银川市冬季地面SO₂浓度分布的影响。结果表明,在极不稳定层结(A级)下混合层厚度增加250m时能使地面SO₂浓度减少40%～75%,而在稳定层结下混合层厚度增加200m时仅减少20%的浓度;而当混合层厚度和风速分别增加250m和3.8m·s^-1、层结由稳定(F)变为极端不稳定(A),并且当混合层最大厚度和最大风速分别限制在650m和4m·s^-1时,老城西部地面浓度减少了90%,稀释效应最显着。     

贵州关岭生物群中植物化石的发现及其意义

关岭生物群是近年来在我国贵州关岭地区瓦窑组中发现的一个十分重要的生物群 ,其中的植物化石经研究计有 Equisetites cf.arenaceus(Jaeger) Bronn.、Ctenozamitessarrani Zeiller。依据植物化石 C.sarrani常见于晚三叠世和 E.cf.arenaceus系似木贼属中较古老的类型 ,指出含植物化石的地层时代为晚三叠世卡尼期。瓦窑组系海相沉积 ,其中的植物化石无疑为异地埋藏 ,但从化石通常保存尚好来看 ,估计搬运的距离不会很远 ,它们可能是从距海岸不远的陆地被河流带到较平静的海湾或海槽而沉积下来的。此外 ,从该组植物茎干化石具清楚的年轮分析 ,推测卡尼期时 ,贵州关岭一带为非热带雨林地区 ,一年中气候不是四季如一 ,而是有明显的季节变化     

松辽盆地反转期的界定

松辽盆地的构造反转对油气生成、运移和聚集保存有明显的控制作用.以往的研究认为,松辽盆地晚期经历了嫩江组沉积末期、明水组沉积末期和古近纪的多期反转.通过对松辽盆地北部进行剖面与平面的构造演化分析,认为嫩江组沉积末期为南北向差异升降活动,未引起地层褶皱变形和构造格局的改变,该期形成了区域伸展不整合面;明水组沉积末期松辽盆地从区域拉张转为挤压,盆地表现为东西向缩短,构造格局发生了性质上的变化,形成了一系列反转构造,该期构造反转奠定了盆地现今的构造格局.构造物理模拟实验进一步证明,松辽盆地不同方向的反转构造带为明水组沉积末期形成的.