法国阿根特拉花岗岩中锆石的微量元素地球化学特征及地质意义

本文以法国阿根特拉花岗岩中的锆石群为例,系统地阐述了锆石的微量元素地球化学的研究方法及其在花岗岩成因探索中的应用。电子探针分析结果表明,阿根特拉花岗岩中的锆石可以划分为四个相:残留相、析离相、主体相和残余相。它们的微量元素(Hf、U、Y、Th、P)配分一方面表明了各自形成环境的不同,再现了岩浆的产生、定位和结晶等阶段的演化机制;另一方面又反映了该岩体的物质以上地壳的组份为主,含有部分深源物质(上地幔或下地壳)。     

Experimental study of long nonlinear internal waves in rotating fluid

Experiments were performed on the rotating platform 14 m in diameter equipped with a simple internal wave generator. Internal waves were generated for a wide range of Coriolis parameters. When the rotation is very weak, i.e., when the internal Rossby radius of deformation is much larger than the wavelength, then the stable nonlinear waves generated are solitary waves. These have a horizontal crest, as in the nonrotating case. When the rotation is strong, i.e., when the internal Rossby radius is at most comparable with the wavelength, then Sverdrup-like periodic waves can be generated, but no solitary wave can then propagate. For the intermediate case, Ostrovsky waves are generated. Their phase speed increases with increasing amplitude. Then, there are two characteristic wave lengths: one which varies with the inverse square root of the amplitude, as for the KdV wave, and the other, linked with the rotation, which varies as the square root of the amplitude. The experimental results are thus in agreement with most of the conclusions in recent analytical developments.     

The spatial structure of tourist accommodation and hotel demand in Spain

Tourism in Spain has developed dramatically in recent decades but the growth of the tourist industry has not been experienced evenly throughout the country. Tourism is largely concentrated in a small number of essentially coastal and insular provinces. Analysis by principal components shows that significant regional variations occur in the demand for hotels from different national groups but, with the exception of the French, the spatial preferences of each nationality have remained remarkably constant in the period 1965–1980. However, as growth rates have differed from market to market, so the demand for hotels has developed at different rates from one province to another. Regional variations in the seasonality of demand also occur. These findings highlight the need for further geographical studies such as this to provide more spatial detail than is to be found in most national studies and at the same time to supply the synthesis which unrelated regional or local case studies lack.     

Paleomagnetic study of Sicily: consequences for the deformation of Italian and African margins over the last 100 million years

Paleomagnetic analysis of Cenozoic sediments from the Iblean platform (12 sites, 100 samples) has provided four new poles. These data are combined with those available from volcanic series to yield a new apparent polar wander path for “stable” Sicily since the Upper Cretaceous. This curve, when compared to a revised curve for Africa (using a selection of available data points), demonstrates a 15° rotation of Sicily with respect to Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. This rotation accounts for the extensional tectonic regime that prevails in the Pelagian Sea and which is evidenced by “en relais” rifts (Malta, Pantelleria, Linosa), associated with alkaline volcanism of Pliocene and Quaternary age. Paleomagnetic directions from various areas of the Italian Peninsula also indicate anticlockwise rotations with diverse amplitudes. The chronology of these rotations is consistent with a deformation of the western Italian margin during progressive suturation from north to south of the Corsican-Sardinian block since the end of the Oligocene.     

Behaviour of granites and limestones subjected to slow and homogeneous temperature changes

We have studied the evolution of the texture in two granites and two limestones subjected to slow and uniform temperature change. Each granite has a different grain size and each limestone a different texture: Carrare crystalline limestone and Crepey oolitic limestone. Temperature was varied from 200°C to 700°C. Scanning Electron Microscope observations of different rock samples show that during thermal cycling intercrystalline boundaries in granites widen out progressively and porosity increases. New microcracks appear in crystals between 500°C and 600°C. In Carrare crystalline limestone, intercrystalline cracks appear at temperatures as low as 200°C. Due to its heterogeneous cracks appear at temperatures as low as 200°C. Due to its heterogeneous increasing temperature. Longitudinal wave velocity and intrinsic permeability show good correlation with the Scanning Electron Microscope observations.     

La réflectivité d'un sédiment marin poreux

Résumé Les formules établies pour les liquides ou les solides sont pratiquement applicables aux sédiments poreux saturés non-consolidés, contrairement aux grés. L'étude présentée permet de comprendre la nature de l'onde longitudinaleP2 et du couplage dynamique. Elle illustre l'extension du principe de Huyghens aux mileux poreux.

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Summary An incident longitudinal wave (P1) does not exit a longitudinal wave of the second kind (P2), when reflected on a saturated open porous sediment. Only the granular part is acoustically active. For unconsolidated marine sediments, the classical formulas for reflection and transmission can be used with a good approximation, contrarily to consolidated saturated sediments or cemented ones. This analysis clears up the concepts ofP2 wave and dynamic coupling; it also illustrates the extension of Huyghens's priciple to porous mediums.

     

Post-depositional realignment of magnetic grains and asymmetrical saw-tooth patterns of magnetization intensity

Recent paleomagnetic records suggest that the geomagnetic field intensity has a saw-tooth shape matching the succession of polarity intervals. An alternative hypothesis, that mechanisms linked to the acquisition of magnetization would induce similar saw-toothed records, has been tested by several simulations of post depositional reorientations of magnetic grains. Exponential functions used to date to describe post-depositional magnetization (pDRM) processes do not account for the combination of saw-toothed fluctuations and reasonable delays in the recording of the position of the reversals. At least half of the magnetization must be locked in within a few centimetres below the surface. If not, large delays, which are not observed in the data, are introduced in the stratigraphic positions of the reversals. In addition, the rest of the magnetization must be acquired over depths involving several tens of meters to duplicate a saw-toothed shape. These conclusions are reached with or without incorporating intensity variations across reversals. If the original signal is, in fact, asymmetrical then the pDRM must be very limited to remain coherent with the measurements, since the distortions and the offsets induced by the pDRM smoothing are considerably amplified. We conclude that simulations of saw-tooth patterns of relative paleointensity by pDRM processes have consequences that are difficult to reconcile with our present knowledge of the physical properties of deep-sea sediments. Above all, the hypothesis that the saw-tooth is an artifact of the magnetization acquisition process would have major implications for any sedimentary record of geomagnetic features.     

Thinning effects on walnut stem and crown diameter growth and fruiting in the walnut-fruit forests of Kyrgyzstan

The walnut-fruit forests (Juglans regia L.) in southern Kyrgyzstan are considered to be biodiversity hotspots and of considerable economic and ecological importance to local populations. The fruiting ability and stability of these forests are, however, decreasing because of infrequent silvicultural interventions and non-existent natural regeneration. Continuous inventories and walnut harvest measurements were carried out on 18 trial and control plots over the course of 13 year. Results showed that i) thinning had a positive influence on diameter at breast height (dbh) increase, ii) dbh growth and crown area increases are strongly and positively correlated, iii) large crowns enhanced the production of fruits, and iv) temperature conditions had a major influence on the production of fruits. The above-mentioned points are particularly relevant for young plantations but are also valid for relatively old plantations (> 50 years). We conclude that regular thinning substantially improves diameter growth, fruit production and ability of trees to withstand wind and snow damage in both young stands and in older walnut-fruit forests.     

Location-based anonymization: comparison and evaluation of the Voronoi-based aggregation system

Hospitals and health care organizations collect large amounts of detailed health care data that is in high demand by researchers. Thus, the possessors of such data are in need of methods that allow for this data to be released without compromising the confidentiality of the individuals to whom it pertains. As the geographic aspect of this data is becoming increasingly relevant for research being conducted, it is important for an anonymization process to pay due attention to the geographic attributes of such data. In this paper, a novel system for health care data anonymization is presented. At the core of the system is the aggregation of an initial regionalization guided by the use of a Voronoi diagram. We conduct a comparison with another location-based system of anonymization, GeoLeader. We show that our system is capable of producing results of a comparable quality with a much faster running time.     

Accretion disc outbursts: a new version of an old model

We have developed 1D time-dependent numerical models of accretion discs, using an adaptive grid technique and an implicit numerical scheme, in which the disc size is allowed to vary with time. The code fully resolves the cooling and heating fronts propagating in the disc. We show that models in which the radius of the outer edge of the disc is fixed produce incorrect results, from which probably incorrect conclusions about the viscosity law have been inferred. In particular we show that outside-in outbursts are possible when a standard bimodal behaviour of the Shakura–Sunyaev viscosity parameter α is used. We also discuss to what extent insufficient grid resolution has limited the predictive power of previous models. We find that the global properties (magnitudes, etc.) of transient discs can be addressed by codes using a high, but reasonable, number of fixed grid points. However, the study of the detailed physical properties of the transition fronts generally requires resolutions which are out of reach of fixed grid codes. It appears that most time-dependent models of accretion discs published in the literature have been limited by resolution effects, improper outer boundary conditions, or both.