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201.
The glaucony of the early Cretaceous Kurnub Group in Jordan has been isotopically dated using the K–Ar method. The glaucony occurs in an arenaceous dolomite unit, referred to here to as glaucony marker unit (GMU), located in the upper part of the Kurnub Group, that persists throughout Jordan. The glaucoliths of the heavy fraction are dark green in colour, ovoidal or mammilated, with a mainly cracked smooth surface, whereas the light fraction glaucoliths are light green in colour, irregular in shape and have a rough or porous surface. Both fractions exhibit boxwork and rosette microstructure, whereas lamellar microstructure is restricted to the heavy glaucoliths. X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis placed the glauconies of the GMU of the Kurnub Group in Odin and Matter's evolved to highly evolved class corresponding to glauconitic mica and suggested that they should be well-closed chronometers. On the other hand, petrographic investigation proved these glauconies to be unaltered, whereas the other altered ones are discarded from the age determination. The unweathered, highly evolved, heavy glauconies that are neither tectonized nor deeply buried best fulfil recommendations regarding appropriate samples for K–Ar dating. The apparent age constrained, within the analytical uncertainty limits, from the most evolved glaucony is 96·1±1·1 Ma and suggests that the GMU is of Albian age. The other less evolved glauconies, which are still within the evolved to highly evolved class of Odin and Matter, yield a mean apparent age of 93·6±1·0 Ma, which is probably slightly younger than the true depositional age by 2–3 Ma due to genetic and historical uncertainties, as indicated by the petrographic and sedimentological data. Thus the upper part of the Kurnub Group, where the GMU is located, is of Albian age. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
202.
203.
Nikhil Padmanabhan David J. Schlegel Uro Seljak Alexey Makarov Neta A. Bahcall Michael R. Blanton Jonathan Brinkmann Daniel J. Eisenstein Douglas P. Finkbeiner James E. Gunn David W. Hogg eljko Ivezi Gillian R. Knapp Jon Loveday Robert H. Lupton Robert C. Nichol Donald P. Schneider Michael A. Strauss Max Tegmark Donald G. York 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,378(3):852-872
204.
Stefan Hilbert Simon D. M. White Jan Hartlap Peter Schneider 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,382(1):121-132
We investigate strong gravitational lensing in the concordance ΛCDM cosmology by carrying out ray tracing along past light cones through the Millennium Simulation, the largest simulation of cosmic structure formation ever carried out. We extend previous ray-tracing methods in order to take full advantage of the large volume and the excellent spatial and mass resolution of the simulation. As a function of source redshift we evaluate the probability that an image will be highly magnified, will be highly elongated or will be one of a set of multiple images. We show that such strong lensing events can almost always be traced to a single dominant lensing object and we study the mass and redshift distribution of these primary lenses. We fit analytic models to the simulated dark haloes in order to study how our optical depth measurements are affected by the limited resolution of the simulation and of the lensing planes that we construct from it. We conclude that such effects lead us to underestimate total strong lensing cross-sections by about 15 per cent. This is smaller than the effects expected from our neglect of the baryonic components of galaxies. Finally we investigate whether strong lensing is enhanced by material in front of or behind the primary lens. Although strong lensing lines of sight are indeed biased towards higher than average mean densities, this additional matter typically contributes only a few per cent of the total surface density. 相似文献
205.
Bernd Schneider Seppo Kaitala Mika Raateoja Bernd Sadkowiak 《Continental Shelf Research》2009,29(11-12):1535-1540
Organic matter production and nitrogen fixation in the central Baltic Sea were studied on the basis of high-resolution CO2 partial pressure data that were obtained from an automated measurement system deployed on a cargo ship. The net organic carbon (OC) production was calculated from a surface water CO2 mass balance and used to estimate the nitrogen uptake by organic matter during the period March to August 2005. It was shown that the net OC production continued despite the exhaustion of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) after the spring bloom in April. The nitrogen demand for this production was calculated on the basis of the C/N ratio of organic matter. It was of the same order of magnitude than the winter DIN concentration that fuelled the spring bloom. Since the atmospheric DIN deposition was negligible and no indications of alternative DIN sources were found, it was assumed that N2 fixation had taken place despite the low temperatures (4–8 °C) in April/May. This “cold fixation” amounted to 74 mmol m?2 whereas a value of 99 mmol m?2 was obtained for the summer N2 fixation during June/July. Due to the contribution of the April/May N2 fixation, a total annual rate (173±35 mmol m?2) was obtained for 2005 which is considerably higher than presently accepted estimates. These findings were confirmed by a nitrogen budget based on long-term data (1993–2006) for total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations. Furthermore, these data revealed a 30% increase in N2 fixation during the years 1994–2006. 相似文献
206.
P. Fielitz G. Borchardt M. Schmücker H. Schneider 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(6):431-436
Aluminium tracer diffusivities were measured in polycrystalline mullite. The artificial aluminium isotope 26Al was used as tracer isotope. An advanced preparation technique for the 26Al2O3 tracer source allowed to apply secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in order to analyse 26Al depth distributions in the polycrystalline material. Pre-exponential factors and activation enthalpies were determined
for compositions of 78 wt.% Al2O3, 22 wt.% SiO2 (high-alumina material) and of 72 wt.% Al2O3, 28 wt.% SiO2 (low-alumina material), respectively. A strong dependence of the 26Al grain boundary diffusivity on the composition is observed. The results are discussed in comparison to previous data on
grain boundary diffusivities of oxygen in mullite samples from the same batch.
Dedicated to Prof. Hermann Schmalzried on the occasion of his 75th birthday. 相似文献
207.
D. m. Schneider P. h. Benoit D. w. g. Sears A. j. t. Jull 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1997,32(Z4):A149-A150
Abstract— A new 2.8 kg meteorite find from the United States, Kansas University, is classified as an L6 (S3) chondrite based on optical microscopy and electron microprobe analysis of mafic minerals. Natural thermo-luminescence (TL) and 14C measurements suggest that the Kansas University meteorite has a short terrestrial age compared to other meteorite finds from this area and is not paired with the other local meteorite finds, Densmore (1879), Lawrence, Kansas and Long Island, Kansas. 相似文献
208.
Jochen Kolb Sven Sindern Alexander F. M. Kisters F. Michael Meyer Stephan Hoernes Jens Schneider 《Mineralium Deposita》2005,40(5):473-491
Gold mineralization at Kochkar (Urals, Russia) is hosted mainly by quartz lodes, which developed at lithological contacts
between mafic dikes and granitoids of the Plast massif during late Carboniferous to early Permian, regional E–W compression
in the East Uralian Zone (EUZ). The alteration mineralogy in mafic dikes comprises biotite, actinolite, albite, K-feldspar,
quartz, epidote, tourmaline, sericite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, fahlores, galena, bismuthinite, and
gold, and in Plast granitoids quartz, sericite, calcite, epidote, and ore minerals. Geochemically, an enrichment of Si, K,
Rb, Ba, S, base metals, W, and Au can be observed. The ore fluid had δ18O values between 8.2‰ and 9.5‰ typical for metamorphic or deep magmatic fluids. The tectonometamorphic evolution of the EUZ
is marked by peak metamorphic conditions at 635±40°C and 5–6 kbar through 500±20°C during gold mineralization, and 300–350°C
and 2–3 kbar. The last event was dated on a late, barren quartz vein formed during greenschist facies metamorphism at 265±3 Ma
by the Rb–Sr method. Fluids related to this overprint had a δ18O value of 5.2‰ and an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70685 indicating that they are largely equilibrated with metamorphic lithologies of the EUZ. The Plast granitoids
and the adjacent Borisov granite, which was dated at 358±23 Ma (U–Pb zircon age), have an adakitic character. This, together
with the arc-signature of the mafic dikes, supports the setting of the EUZ within the Valerianovsky continental arc. Eastward
subduction of the Uralian Ocean below this arc began during the late Devonian to early Carboniferous. Between 320 and 265 Ma,
the oblique closure of the ocean resulted in doming of granitoid massifs in a sinistral transpressional regime, subsequent
retrograde gold mineralization during E–W compression and a later greenschist facies overprint. This long-lasting retrograde
evolution of the EUZ was caused by the lack of postcollisional collapse. Heat for a “deep-later" type of metamorphism and
triggering the auriferous fluid system was supplied by radiogenic heating of an overthickened crust. The greenschist facies
overprint at Kochkar and coeval crustal melting in the EUZ was additionally initiated by local external heating of the terrane.
This could have been caused by syn- to postcollisional slab rollback or delamination resulting in magmatic underplating of
the EUZ, which postdates orogenic gold mineralization at Kochkar. The tectonic interpretation of the EUZ indicates that gold
mineralization at Kochkar formed in a mid-crustal environment of a continental magmatic arc at the cessation of active subduction
predating post orogenic plutonism. 相似文献
209.
Anne Winckel Christelle Marlin Laurent Dever Jean-Luc Morel Karim Morabiti Mohamed Ben Makhlouf Ahmed Chalouan 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(7):469-474
The recharge altitude estimation of thermal springs from northern and eastern Morocco using 18O and 2H contents requires the definition of regional isotopic altitudinal gradients (?0.25‰ for 100 m for the Rif and ?0.30‰ for the East) and the calculation of residence time using 14C. The altitudes of emergence vary widely between 170 and 1040 m under the altitude of the recharge areas. The 18O and 2H compositions of palaeowaters ( yr BP) indicate two effects, altitude and palaeoclimate. To cite this article: A. Winckel et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 469–474. 相似文献
210.
Adaptation: Sensitivity to Natural Variability, Agent Assumptions and Dynamic Climate Changes 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
The role of adaptation in impact assessment and integrated assessment of climate policy is briefly reviewed. Agriculture in the US is taken as exemplary of this issue. Historic studies in which no adaptation is assumed (so-called "dumb farmer") versus farmer-agents blessed with perfect foresight (so-called "clairvoyant farmer") are contrasted, and considered limiting cases as compared to "realistic farmers." What kinds of decision rules such realistic farmer-agents would adopt to deal with climate change involves a range of issues. These include degrees of belief the climate is actually changing, knowledge about how it will change, foresight on how technology is changing, estimation of what will happen in competitive granaries and assumptions about what governmental policies will be in various regions and over time. Clearly, a transparent specification of such agent-based decision rules is essential to model adaptation explicitly in any impact assessment. Moreover, open recognition of the limited set of assumptions contained in any one study of adaptation demands that authors clearly note that each individual study can represent only a fraction of plausible outcomes. A set of calculations using the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) crop model is offered here as an example of explicit decision rules on adaptive behavior on climate impacts. The model is driven by a 2xCO2 regional climate model scenario (from which a "mock" transient scenario was devised) to calculate yield changes for farmer-agents that practice no adaptation, perfect adaptation and 20-year-lagged adaptation, the latter designed to mimic the masking effects of natural variability on farmers' capacity to see how climate is changing. The results reinforce the expectation that the likely effects of natural variability, which would mask a farmer's capacity to detect climate change, is to place the calculated impacts of climate changes in two regions of the US in between that of perfect and no adaptation. Finally, the use of so-called "hedonic" methods (in which land prices in different regions with different current average climates are used to derive implicitly farmers' adaptive responses to hypothesized future climate changes) is briefly reviewed. It is noted that this procedure in which space and time are substituted, amounts to "ergodic economics." Such cross-sectional analyses are static, and thus neglect the dynamics of both climate and societal evolution. Furthermore, such static methods usually consider only a single measure of change (local mean annual temperature), rather than higher moments like climatic variability, diurnal temperature range, etc. These implicit assumptions in ergodic economics make use of such cross-sectional studies limited for applications to integrated assessments of the actual dynamics of adaptive capacity. While all such methods are appropriate for sensitivity analyses and help to define a plausible range of outcomes, none is by itself likely to define the range of plausible adaptive capacities that might emerge in response to climate change scenarios. 相似文献