Multi-imaging and Bayesian estimation for photon counting with EMCCDs

A multi-imaging strategy is proposed and experimentally tested to improve the accuracy of photon counting with an electron multiplying CCD (EMCCD), by taking into account the random nature of its on-chip gain and the possibility of multiple photodetection events on one pixel. This strategy is based on Bayesian estimation on each image, with a priori information given by the sum of the images. The method works even for images with large dynamic range, with more improvement in the low light level areas. In these areas, two thirds of the variance added by the EMCCD in a conventional imaging mode are removed, making the physical photon noise predominant in the detected image.     

Physical modeling of near-Earth Asteroid (29075) 1950 DA

Near-Earth Asteroid (29075) 1950 DA may closely encounter Earth in 2880. The probability of Earth impact may be as high as 1/300, but the outcome of the encounter depends critically on the physical properties of the asteroid [Giorgini et al., 2002. Science 196, 132-136]. We have used Arecibo and Goldstone radar data and optical lightcurves to estimate the shape, spin state, and surface structure of 1950 DA. The data allow two distinct models. One rotates prograde and is roughly spheroidal with mean diameter 1.16±0.12 km. The other rotates retrograde and is oblate and about 30% larger. Both models suggest a nickel-iron or enstatite chondritic composition. Ground-based observations should be able to determine which model is correct within the next several decades.     

Relative current effect on short wave growth

Ocean Dynamics - Short waves growth is characterized by nonlinear and dynamic processes that couple ocean and atmosphere. Ocean surface currents can have a strong impact on short wave steepness and...     

Near-Earth Asteroid 2005 CR37: Radar images and photometry of a candidate contact binary

Arecibo (2380 MHz, 13 cm) radar observations of 2005 CR37 provide detailed images of a candidate contact binary: a 1.8-km-long, extremely bifurcated object. Although the asteroid's two lobes are round, there are regions of modest topographic relief, such as an elevated, 200-m-wide facet, that suggest that the lobes are geologically more complex than either coherent fragments or homogeneous rubble piles. Since January 1999, about 9% of NEAs larger than ∼200 m imaged by radar can be described as candidate contact binaries.     

Continuous measurement of nitrate concentration in a highly event‐responsive agricultural catchment in south‐west of France: is the gain of information useful?

A nitrate sensor has been set up to measure every 10 min the nitrate signal in a stream draining a small agricultural catchment dominated by fertilized crops during a 2‐year study period (2006–2008) in the south‐west of France. An in situ sampling protocol using automatic sampler to monitor flood events have been used to assume a point‐to‐point calibration of the sensor values. The nitrate concentration exhibits nonsystematic concentration and dilution effects during flood events. We demonstrate that the calibrated nitrate sensor signal gathered from the outlet is considered to be a continuous signal using the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. The objectives of this study are to quantify the errors generated by a typical infrequent sampling protocol and to design appropriate sampling strategy according to the sampling objectives. Nitrate concentration signal and flow data are numerically sampled to simulate common sampling frequencies. The total fluxes calculated from the simulated samples are compared with the reference value computed on the continuous signal. Uncertainties are increasing as sampling intervals increase; the method that is not using continuous discharge to compute nitrate fluxes bring larger uncertainty. The dispersion and bias computed for each sampling interval are used to evaluate the uncertainty during each hydrological period. High underestimation is made during flood periods when high‐concentration period is overlooked. On the contrary, high sampling frequencies (from 3 h to 1 day) lead to a systematic overestimation (bias around 3%): highest concentrations are overweighted by the interpolation of the concentration in such case. The in situ sampling protocol generates less than 1% of load estimation error and sample highest concentration peaks. We consider useful such newly emerging field technologies to assess short‐term variations of water quality parameters, to minimize the number of samples to be analysed and to assess the quality state of the stream at any time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Petrological analysis of the pre-eruptive magmatic process prior to the 2006 explosive eruptions at Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador)

Understanding the processes at the origin of explosive events is crucial for volcanic hazard mitigation, especially during long-lasting eruptions at andesitic volcanoes. This work exposes the case of Tungurahua volcano, whose unrest occurred in 1999. Since this date, the eruptive activity was characterized by low-to moderate explosiveness, including phases with stronger canon-like explosions and regional ash fallout. However, in 2006, a sudden increase of the explosiveness led to pyroclastic flow-forming eruptions on July 14th (VEI 2) and August 16–17th (VEI 3). All magmas emitted from 1999 to 2005, as well as the samples from the 2006 eruptions, have homogeneous bulk-rock andesitic compositions (58–59 wt.% SiO₂), and contain the same mineral assemblage consisting of pl + cpx + opx + mag ± ol. However, during the August 16–17th event, the erupted tephra comprise two types of magmas: a dominant, brown andesitic scoria; and scarce, light-grey pumice representing a subordinate, silica-rich juvenile component. For the andesitic magma, thermobarometric data point to magmatic temperatures ranging from 950 to 1015 °C and pressures in the range of 200 to 250 MPa, which corresponds to 7.5–9.5 km below the summit. Disequilibrium textures in plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts, particularly thin overgrowth rims, indicate the recharge of this magma body by mafic magma. Between 1999 and 2005, repeated injections from depth fed the intermittent eruptive activity observed while silica-rich melts were produced by in-situ crystallization in the peripheral parts of the reservoir. In April 2006, the recharge of a primitive magma produced strong convection and homogenisation in the reservoir, as well as pressure increase and higher magma ascent rate after seven years of only moderately explosive activity. This work emphasizes the importance of petrological studies in constraining the pre-eruptive magmatic conditions and processes, as a tool for understanding the fundamental causes of the changes in the eruptive dynamism, particularly the occurrence of paroxysmal phases in andesitic systems with open-vent behaviour.     

Méthodes de quantification des transferts de matiére par les fluides dans les roches métamorphiques déformées

Résumé

Les transferts de matière par les fluides se marquent dans les roches métamorphiques par des différenciations chimiques et minéralogiques. Une approche quantitative des relations entre transferts de matière et déformation passe par l’étude de ces différenciations dans des structures présentant soit un gradient continu de l’intensité de la déformation, soit des sites structuraux distincts. Dans ces structures, la roche initiale est souvent préservée dans des zones protégées. Des bilans de matière, par comparaison de cette analyse initiale avec les différentes roches déformées sont effectuées. Une référence chimique, minéralogique ou volumique est choisie dans des diagrammes où sont reportés les gains ou les pertes des constituants de la roche pour les différentes valeurs possibles de son changement de volume. Les quantités de matière transférée et les variations de volume sont alors lues directement dans les diagrammes ou calculées par des relations générales. Dans des diagrammes de variation chimique, ces résultats sont reportés pour chaque roche transformée, en fonction d’un paramètre de différenciation : intensité de la déformation, de la transfonnation chimique ou minéralogique, position dans la structure de déformation. Suivant les cas, ces diagrammes donnent l’évolution de la mobilité des éléments au cours de la déformation ou de la différenciation chimique, les gradients de changement de volume ou les variations de masse dans la structure de déformation étudiée. Des exemples d’un bilan minéralogique et volumique entre flancs et charnière d’un pli, d’un bilan chimique dans une zone de cisaillement et de l’écriture d’une réaction métamorphique sont présentés. Les différentes étapes d’une approche quantitative des relations entre transfert de matière et déformation sont récapitulés.     

Modèle de ruissellement,avancement et infiltration pour l'irrigation à la planche sur un sol recouvrant un sous-sol très perméable

Résumé

Développé sur tableur MS Excel, Calhy est un modèle monodimensionnel d'irrigation à la planche sur calan homogène, pour un sol sur horizon sous-jacent très drainant. De type onde cinétique ou onde diffusante, il adapte le modèle de Green et Ampt et l'équation de Manning-Strickler en tenant compte d'une rétention de surface. Avec cinq paramètres, dont deux mesurés pour décrire l'état d'humectation initial du sol et trois optimisés, le modèle reproduit l'avancement du front ruisselé et le débit de colature observés lors d'irrigations sur prairie dans la plaine semi aride de la Crau (Sud de la France). Les paramètres optimisés sont: la conductivité hydraulique à saturation du sol, constante; le coefficient de Strickler et la rétention de surface, décroissants durant la saison avec l'évolution de la flore et du microrelief. Didactique et convivial, le modèle peut aider à optimiser l'irrigation, dans le but d'obtenir l'infiltration désirée en apportant le moins d'eau possible.

Citation Bader, J.-C., Saos, J.-L. & Charron, F. (2010) Modèle de ruissellement, avancement et infiltration pour l'irrigation à la planche sur un sol recouvrant un sous-sol très perméable. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(2), 177–191.     

Standardized uncertainty analysis for hydrometry: a review of relevant approaches and implementation examples

Abstract

The water-centric community has continuously made efforts to identify, assess and implement rigorous uncertainty analyses for routine hydrological measurements. This paper reviews some of the most relevant efforts and subsequently demonstrates that the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) is a good candidate for estimation of uncertainty intervals for hydrometry. The demonstration is made by implementing the GUM to typical hydrometric applications and comparing the analysis results with those obtained using the Monte Carlo method. The results show that hydrological measurements would benefit from the adoption of the GUM as the working standard, because of its soundness, the availability of software for practical implementation and potential for extending the GUM to hydrological/hydraulic numerical simulations.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Muste, M., Lee, K. and Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L., 2012. Standardized uncertainty analysis for hydrometry: a review of relevant approaches and implementation examples. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 643–667.