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Haberkorn H Tran D Massabuau JC Ciret P Savar V Soudant P 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(6):1191-1197
The complexity of the relationships between Alexandrium minutum (A.m.) concentration in the water ([A.m.]w), Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning contamination in the digestive gland ([PSP]dg) and valve behavior was explored in oysters Crassostrea gigas. Two experiments were conducted, during which oysters’ valve behaviour were analyzed. Oysters, first acclimated for 10-days with the non harmful microalgae Heterocapsa triquetra (H.t.), were exposed to four microalgae mixtures at constant total concentrations of 10 × 103 cells ml−1 (experiment-1) and 5 × 103 cells ml−1 (experiment-2): 100% A.m.; 50% A.m.-50% H.t.; 25% A.m.-75% H.t.; 100% H.t. At the end of experiment-2, [PSP]dg were measured.At 10 × 103 cells ml−1, the microalgal ingestion decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing [A.m.]w but not at 5 × 103 cells ml−1 (p > 0.05). The frequency of microclosures specifically increased with [A.m.]w (p < 0.05) and the opening duration with [PSP]dg (p < 0.0001). Oysters exhibiting the maximum increase in opening duration also exhibited the highest [PSP]dg. The results are discussed in terms of oyster physiology and origin of the behavioral response. 相似文献
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An assessment of the post-Kyoto climate change negotiations, and the altered role of climate finance post-financial crisis, is presented. First, the paradigm shift of the Cancun Agreements is examined from an historical perspective and it is shown that the impasse in the negotiations, caused by the underlying over-emphasis on burden sharing reductions in emissions, can be overcome. Second, using information from two modelling exercises, it is demonstrated how climate finance can encourage the decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth and thereby help align the development pattern with global climate goals. Third, a framework to place carbon finance within current discussions is sketched regarding both the reformation of the world financial systems and the facilitation of a sustainable economic recovery that is beneficial for North and South while addressing the low-carbon transition. It is concluded that upgrading climate finance is the key to triggering the shift to a low-carbon society and a system is proposed in which an agreed social cost of carbon is used to support the establishment of carbon emissions certificates to reorient a significant portion of global savings towards low-carbon investments. Policy relevance Investments that align development and climate objectives are shown to substantially lower the social cost of carbon and deliver long-term carbon emissions reductions. These reductions are greater than those contributed by the sole carbon price signal generated by a world cap-and-trade system. Carbon finance, as a part of the broader reform of financial systems and overseas aid, can help overcome the dual adversity of climate and financial crisis contexts. The carbon certificate, with an upfront agreed social cost of carbon, can be used as its instrument. The portion of the banking system that intends to reorient a significant part of world savings towards low-carbon investments could thus issue such carbon certificates. By giving carbon assets the status of a reserve currency, the system could even respond to the need of emerging countries to diversify their foreign exchange reserves and trigger a wave of worldwide sustainable growth through infrastructure markets. 相似文献
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Gunnar Luderer Enrica DeCian Jean-Charles Hourcade Marian Leimbach Henri Waisman Ottmar Edenhofer 《Climatic change》2012,114(1):59-78
This paper analyzes the regional distribution of climate change mitigation costs in a global cap-and-trade regime. Four stylized burden-sharing rules are considered, ranging from GDP-based permit allocations to schemes that foresee a long-term convergence of per-capita emission permits. The comparison of results from three structurally different hybrid, integrated energy-economy models allows us to derive robust insights as well as identify sources of uncertainty with respect to the regional distribution of the costs of climate change mitigation. We find that regional costs of climate change mitigation may deviate substantially from the global mean. For all models, the mitigation cost average of the four scenarios is higher for China than for the other macro-regions considered. Furthermore, China suffers above-world-average mitigation costs for most burden-sharing rules in the long-term. A decomposition of mitigation costs into (a) primary (domestic) abatement costs and (b) permit trade effects, reveals that the large uncertainty about the future development of carbon prices results in substantial uncertainties about the financial transfers associated with carbon trade for a given allocation scheme. This variation also implies large uncertainty about the regional distribution of climate policy costs. 相似文献
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Yannick Thomas Bruno Marsset Stéphane Didailler Jean-Pierre Regnault Sandie Le Conte Dominique Le Roux Patrick Farcy Maurice Magueur Pascal Viollette Jacques Herveou Jean-Charles Guedes Bernard Jegot Gilles Gascon Christian Prudhomme Hervé Nouze Estelle Thereau Isabelle Contrucci Jean-Paul Foucher 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(6):579-585
This note presents the first results of the development of 3D high-resolution marine seismic method designed for scientific application. A particular attention was paid to the realisation of an operational system to be in agreement with the expected goals in term of acquisition and processing. To cite this article: Y. Thomas et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
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Giancarlo Bortolami Jean-Charles Fontes Costanzo Panichi 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1973,19(2):154-167
L'enfoncement de la plaine de Venise, quel'on peut estimeràprès de 1 cm/an sous le site historique, est liéàla surexploitation des nappes artésiennes profondes. L'investigation hydrogéologique est rendue délicate par la nature de l'aquifère composéde plusieurs centaines de mètres de dépo?ts quaternaires continentaux et marins. Au sein de ce complexe les nappes se superposent en un système multicouche artésien. L'étude du régime de ces nappes aétéentrepris par les moyens géochimiques et isotopiques (oxygène 18, deuterium, tritium, carbone 13 et carbone 14).Les teneurs en isotopes stables montrent l'existence de deux familles d'eaxu profondes attribuablesàune recharge “froide” (δ18O= ?10 et ?12‰). Ces eaux sont nettements différentes de celles des nappes phréatiques (δ18O ? ?8‰). Les apports profonds peuvente?tre respectivement liés aux bassins des rivières préalpines Brenta et Piave (δ18O ? ?10‰) d'une part et au paléocours de l'Adige, fleuve alpin d'autre part. Les eaux alpines ont un gisement limitéàl'aplomb de la lagune etàla partie sud-ouest de la plaine. Les eaux de type préalpin occupent le reste de la plaine, c'est-à-dire plus grande partie.La détermination des vitesses d'écoulement pose le problème de la validitédes temps estimésàl'aide des teneurs en14C.Les teneurs en13Célevées des eaux alpines montrent clairement que les activités en14C de celles-ci ne sont pas significatives par suite d'unéchange avec l'aquifère ou d'une surcharge en carbone ancien dissous.Pour les eaux qui viennent du domaine préalpin, on observe dans les zones de recharge de fortes teneurs en3H: 85à120 UT alliéesàdes activités relativement faibles en14C (60à70%). Les teneurs en13C indiquent que le carbone dissous n'a pas subi d'échange avec l'aquifère. La discussion de l'ensemble des données suggère que la circulation est rapide dans la zone de recharge oùl'alimentation en eaux d'altitude se faitàpartir d'infiltrations en provenance du réseau hydrographique ou (et) du système karstique des préalpes. Dans les parties basses de la plaine les vitesses sont faibles et décroissent, vers l'Est ou en profondeur, de 3 m/anà1 m/an. Il est possible qu'une rupture dans l'intensitédes vitesses d'écoulement interviennent dans la partie occidentale de la plaine sous l'effet d'une discontinuitésédimentologique majeure (limite occidentale des dépo?ts marins). 相似文献
38.
Sean L. Bruinsma Christoph Förste Sandrine Mulet Marie-Hélène Rio Oleg Abrikosov Jean-Charles Marty 《Marine Geodesy》2016,39(3-4):238-255
The impact of GOCE Satellite Gravity Gradiometer data on gravity field models was tested. All models were constructed with the same Laser Geodynamics Satellite (LAGEOS) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, which were combined with one or two of the diagonal gravity gradient components for the entire GOCE mission (November 2009 to October 2013). The Stokes coefficients were estimated by solving large normal equation (NE) systems (i.e., the direct numerical approach). The models were evaluated through comparisons with the European Space Agency's (ESA) gravity field model DIR-R5, by GPS/Leveling, GOCE orbit determination, and geostrophic current evaluations. Among the single gradient models, only the model constructed with the vertical ZZ gradients gave good results that were in agreement with the formal errors. The model based only on XX gradients is the least accurate. The orbit results for all models are very close and confirm this finding. All models constructed with two diagonal gradient components are more accurate than the ZZ-only model due to doubling the amount of data and having two complementary observation directions. This translates also to a slower increase of model errors with spatial resolution. The different evaluation methods cannot unambiguously identify the most accurate two-component model. They do not always agree, emphasizing the importance of evaluating models using many different methods. The XZ gravity gradient gives a small positive contribution to model accuracy. 相似文献
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