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111.
112.
A coordinated ground-based observational campaign using the IMAGE magnetometer network, EISCAT radars and optical instruments on Svalbard has made possible detailed studies of a travelling convection vortices (TCV) event on 6 January 1992. Combining the data from these facilities allows us to draw a very detailed picture of the features and dynamics of this TCV event. On the way from the noon to the drawn meridian, the vortices went through a remarkable development. The propagation velocity in the ionosphere increased from 2.5 to 7.4 km s−1, and the orientation of the major axes of the vortices rotated from being almost parallel to the magnetic meridian near noon to essentially perpendicular at dawn. By combining electric fields obtained by EISCAT and ionospheric currents deduced from magnetic field recordings, conductivities associated with the vortices could be estimated. Contrary to expectations we found higher conductivities below the downward field aligned current (FAC) filament than below the upward directed. Unexpected results also emerged from the optical observations. For most of the time there were no discrete aurora at 557.7 nm associated with the TCVs. Only once did a discrete form appear at the foot of the upward FAC. This aurora subsequently expanded eastward and westward leaving its centre at the same longitude while the TCV continued to travel westward. Also we try to identify the source regions of TCVs in the magnetosphere and discuss possible generation mechanisms. 相似文献
113.
J. G. Lockwood 《Climatic change》1992,20(1):23-56
A multilayer canopy model of a pine forest is used to investigate the sensitivity of the water balance of the wet canopy to variations in meteorological input. The multilayer model does not take into account large-scale eddies, which are now considered to be of importance to canopy transport. It does, however, provide realistic simulations of wet canopy water balance and often predicts interception loss rates higher than those predicted by a unilayer model for the same meteorological input. Stable layers both within and above the canopy are often simulated during rainfall events, and these may help to spontaneously generate large-scale eddies or waves within forest canopies. The sensitivity study for a wet canopy suggests that low vapour pressure deficits and low wind speeds are associated with unstable surface conditions, and increasing values of both variables are associated with decreasing canopy drainage values and increasing evaporative losses. Low short- or long-wave radiation inputs are associated with stable surface conditions, and increasing values of both variables are associated with decreasing canopy drainage values and increasing evaporative losses. Increasing temperature is associated with increasing surface stability and increasing canopy drainage and decreasing evaporative losses. In real situations the tendency for increasing temperature to cause surface stability and decreased evaporative loss is probably compensated by the opposite effects of increasing short- or long-wave radiation. The model simulations suggest that wet forest canopies may be better ventilated at low temperatures, if other meteorological conditions are constant. 相似文献
114.
Tracer Test Evaluation of a Drainage Ditch Capture Zone 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
115.
Two-dimensional asymptotic iterative elastic inversion 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Side Jin Raul Madariaga Jean Virieux Gilles Lambaré 《Geophysical Journal International》1992,108(2):575-588
116.
Fluid composition and evolution in coesite-bearing rocks (Dora-Maira massif,Western Alps): implications for element recycling during subduction 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Pascal Philippot Pierre Chevallier Christian Chopin Jean Dubessy 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,121(1):29-44
Fluid inclusions and F, Cl concentration of hydrous minerals were analysed in the coesite-pyrope quartzite, the interlayered jadeite quartzite and their country-rock gneiss from the Dora-Maira massif using a combination of microthermometry, Raman spectrometry, synchrotron X-ray microfiuorescence and electron microprobe analysis. Three populations of fluid inclusions were recognized texturally and can be related to distinct metamorphic stages. A low-salinity aqueous fluid occurs in the retrogressed country gneiss and as late secondary inclusions in jadeite quartzite and chloritized pyrope. An earlier secondary population is found in matrix quartz of the jadeite- and pyro-pe-quartzites. This population can be related to the early decompression and so to incipient breakdown of garnet into phlogopite-bearing assemblages. The inclusion fluid is highly saline (up to 84 wt% equivalent NaCl) and contains Na, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn as major cations. In pyrope quartzite, additional K was found in these brines, which locally coexist with CO2-rich inclusions. The oldest fluid inclusions are preserved in kyanite grains included in fresh pyrope and in pyrope itself. In pyrope, all inclusions have decrepitated and contain magnesite, an Mg-phosphate, sheet-silicate(s), a chloride and an opaque phase, with no fluid preser ved. In contrast, the kyanite inclusions in pyrope preserve primary H2O-CO2 low-salinity fluid inclusions, probably owing to the low compressibility of the kyanite inclusions and host garnet. In spite of in-situ re-equilibration, these inclusions can be interpreted as relics of the dehydration fluid that attended pyrope growth. These correlations between textural and chemical fluid inclusion data and metamorphic stages are consistent with the fluid composition calculated from the halogen content of different generations of phlogopite and biotite. The preservation of different fluid compositions, both in time and space, is evidence for local control and possibly origin of the fluids, in agreement with isotopic data. These results, in particular the absence of CO2 in the jadeite quartzite, are best interpreted in terms of a fluid-melt system evolution. With increasing metamorphism, partitioning of H2O, Na, Ca, Fe and heavy metals into melt (jadeite quartzite) and Mg, Na/K, F, CO2 and P(?) into a residual aqueous fluid can account for depletion in Na, Ca and Fe of the pyrope quartzite. During the retrograde path, a H 2 O rose as melt crystallized, generating the two populations of hypersaline and water-rich fluids that were highly reactive to pyrope. The process of fluid-melt interaction envisioned here coupled with models of melt extraction in subduction zones provides an attractive opportunity for the instantaneous ( < 1 Ma) and selective transport of elements between a downgoing slab and the overlying mantle wedge. 相似文献
117.
Jean Dessens 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1961,50(1):37-41
Résumé Dans le capteur monolame à un seul jet proposé ici, l'air est projeté obliquement sur la lame de verre en amont du jet; ce capteur permet ainsi d'obtenir un prélèvement de particules classées suivant leurs dimensions sur une grande surface d'une seule lame. Par ailleurs ce capteur, en plexiglas, permet de surveiller la lame en cours de prélèvement. Les coefficients de captation pour des gouttelettes de différentes dimensions ont été déterminés en comparant les prélèvements obtenus avec le capteur monolame à ceux obtenus avec un capteur à deux jets identiques en série, réalisé afin de permettre un comptage de toutes les gouttelettes déposées sur les parois intérieures. On a de la même façon déterminé les coefficients de captation d'un cascade impactor. Les coefficients du capteur monolame et du cascade impactor sont trouvés assez peu différents, et leurs valeurs restent comprises entre 40 et 86% pour des gouttelettes de 1 à 30 de rayon. Enfin un paragraphe de cette communication indique comment peut être utilisé le capteur monolame lors de prélèvements dans un nuage.
Summary In the monoslide and monojet impactor here proposed, the air is obliquely projected on the slide, up the jet; thus this impactor gives samples of particles classified according to their sizes on a large surface of only one slide. On another way, this impactor, made of plexiglas, allows the supervision of the slide during the sampling. The different size droplets sampling coefficients have been determined by comparison of samples obtained with an impactor having two identical jets in series, this impactor being realized in order to permit a counting of all the droplets settled in the interior walls. On the same way the sampling coefficients of a cascade impactor have been determined. The monoslide impactor coefficients and these of the cascade impactor have been found nearly identical and their values remain included between 40 and 86% for 1 to 30 radius droplets. Lastly a paragraph of this paper shows how the monoslide impactor can be used when sampling in a cloud.相似文献
118.
Prof. Dr. Jean Aubouin 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1971,60(3):833-848
Résumé Après avoir montré l'importance tectonique du réseau de faille plio-quaternaire, il est insisté sur son indépendance par rapport aux tectoniques antérieures, d'après les deux exemples de chaÎnes alpines et leurs bordures méditerranénnes et de la Cordillère des Andes et sa bordure pacifique.Cette tectonique, «postgéosynclinale» dans le premier cas, «postliminaire» dans le second, témoigne de mouvement en extension et non des compressions qu'on admet généralement en compensation des extensions océaniques: l'état actuel des ceintures orogéniques paraÎt donc Être l'extension, du moins dans ces deux secteurs.Le Plio-Quaternaire semble ainsi une période d'extension généralisée, au contraire de périodes antérieures où des compressions se sont manifestées dans les ceintures orogéniques.
The Plio-Quaternary fault net, beyond its tectonic and morphologic importance, seems independent of the previous structures, as illustrated by the examples of the Alpines chaines and their Mediterranean edges and of the Andes Cordillera and its Pacific edge.Theses structures — of postgeosynclinal origin in the first case, postliminar in the second — display tensional motion, not the compressions expected as sea floor spreading compensation. Thus the present status of orogenetics belts seems to be tension at least in theses two areas.Thus the Plio-Quaternary may appear as a period of general tension, in contrast to the previous periods, some of which show compressional motion in the orogenetic belts.
Zusammenfassung Die tektonische Bedeutung des plio-quartÄren Verwerfungsnetzes wird gezeigt. Wie aus den beiden Beispielen der Alpenketten und ihrer mediterranen Küstenlinien sowie der Andenkordillere und ihrer pazifischen Küstenlinie hervorgeht, scheint dieses Verwerfungsnetz unabhÄngig von früheren Strukturen zu sein.Diese im ersten Fall postgeosynklinale und im zweiten Fall postliminare Tektonik zeugt von Extensions- und nicht von Kompressionsbewegungen, die man im allgemeinen als Folge ozeanischer Extensionen (sea floor spreading) annimmt: der gegenwÄrtige Zustand der orogenen Gürtel scheint also Extension zu sein, zumindest in diesen beiden Abschnitten.Das Plio-QuartÄr scheint demnach eine Periode allgemeiner Extension zu sein, im Gegensatz zu vorhergehenden Perioden, wo sich in den orogenen Gürteln Kompressionen zeigten.
- . , , . , — , , , — sea floor spreading -; , , , - , .- , , , , .相似文献
119.
Jean -Pierre Couturié 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1973,42(4):305-312
This orbicular granite contains ovoïds of an exceptional composition, comprising a core of biotite, surrounded by an envelope of plagioclase, enclosed in turn by an envelope of potassium feldspar. The latter also occurs as isolated idiomorphic megacristals between the ovoïds.Because of the spectacularly clear mineralogical relationships of the rock, it is possible to work out the order of crystallization of the minerals, the magmatic differentiation of syenitic orbicules and that of the leucogranitic groundmass with an aplito-pegmatitic texture.A magmatic process is proposed to explain the origin of the rock.
Les déterminations de l'indice de triclinicité des feldspaths potassiques ont été effectuées par Yves Blanc, Clermont-Ferrand (diffractométrie X, d'après G. Sabatier, 1963). 相似文献
Les déterminations de l'indice de triclinicité des feldspaths potassiques ont été effectuées par Yves Blanc, Clermont-Ferrand (diffractométrie X, d'après G. Sabatier, 1963). 相似文献
120.
Ducrotoy JP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,47(1-6):246-252
This paper introduces the North Sea as a fast evolving coastal ecosystem. The variability of natural conditions relates to the global climatic change and to human disturbances, which originate regionally. Education is an integral part of the strategy to improve environmental awareness. Considering contemporary challenges for educating the wider public about the main issues of environmental concern, attention is paid to various plans, which are being developed in North-Western Europe from primary schools to universities. "Learning for life" relies on an opening of the vocation of traditional universities and on the creation of a European university. Sharing resources in a competitive environment is one response given by British universities in the framework of a Discipline Network in Coastal Sciences and Management in 1996-2000. Networking is truly the key to a fast evolving teaching and learning context, notably in relation to ever developing information and communication technologies. The dissemination of scientific information is primordial in this context; a case study relating to the European project "Marine biodiversity in Europe" (BIOMARE) demonstrates the need for an elaborated strategy leading to socio-economic considerations. Empowering communities and governance are the main possible outcomes of such an enlarged approach to education, involving teachers, students, researchers, professionals, and volunteers. Proposals are made for amplifying the involvement of non-scientists into scientific research and its applications to management. Finally, a case is made for facilitating the mobility of all concerned, with a view to annihilate language and cultural barriers. 相似文献