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451.
Two dissolution surfaces, capped by phosphatic crusts that contain up to 40 wt.% of P2O5, are well exposed in the latest Ediacaran Tabia Member (Adoudou Formation) of the Ouneïn region, High Atlas. Both the Tabia dolostones and capping phosphorites are crosscut by several generations of synsedimentary faults, fissures, and hydrothermal dikes hosting Cu ore bodies, in a scenario of down-faulted blocks. Stratigraphic and facies relationships suggest the preservation of a major pulse of intra-cratonic rifting, responsible for the development of an unstable carbonate platform subjected to sharp uplift and tilting perturbations and dissolution processes, associated with hydrothermal dike-swarm injection. The whole framework is sealed with the Tamjout Bed (Tifnout Member), which marks the end of abundant regional tilting (syn-rift phase) and the beginning of a thermal subsidence-dominated regime (post-rift phase) in the Moroccan margin of West Gondwana. 相似文献
452.
Mohammed Taaouati Driss Nachite Javier Benavente Abdelmounim Elmrini 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(5):1225-1236
The morphodynamic behavior of a mesotidal sandy beach was monitored during both calm and energetic conditions. Two years of
seasonal surveys were carried out on Charf el Akab, a gently sloped beach in the North Atlantic coast of Morocco. The method
of survey consisted of a 3D study of the beach morphological changes and provided 2 cm vertical accuracy. During the surveyed
period, Charf el Akab beach underwent very energetic wave conditions, and the breaking wave height was of H
b ≥ 1.5 m. The beach is characterized by a nonpermanent swash bar and composed of well-sorted medium sand. The application
of environmental parameters revealed a dissipative state with very low beach gradient which did not vary significantly over
the studied period. Morphological changes consist of beach erosion and bar decay under high-energy waves, whereas the intertidal
bar re-established and the beach recorded an accentuated accretion due to relatively fair weather conditions. The beach volume
reveals a seasonal behavior; the sand accumulated during summer is dramatically removed during winter season. The range in
beach sand volume from the most accreted to the most eroded conditions observed is about −5,493 m3. The average sand volume flux between surveys reaches −1 and 0.4 m2/day during peak erosion and accretion periods. The relationships between the wave forcing and the sand volume adjustments
were examined. The sand volume change was found to be highly correlated (0.91) with the wave energy flux. The highest correspondence
(0.95) was found between the sand flux rate and the wave energy flux. The wave forcing is expected to be the main factor governing
beach morphodynamics at Charf el Akab site. 相似文献
453.
Contourites within a deep-water sequence stratigraphic framework 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Rachel Brackenridge Dorrik A. V. Stow F. Javier Hern��ndez-Molina 《Geo-Marine Letters》2011,31(5-6):343-360
Sequence stratigraphy has proven to be an extremely useful predictive tool in the search for hydrocarbons along the continental margins. However, of the several models in use, none includes the effects of alongslope processes in deep-water. This paper, therefore, is a first attempt to place contourite depositional systems (CDSs) firmly within a sequence stratigraphic framework, based on detailed examination of over 20 CDSs worldwide. It also presents a new view of how sea level variation influences bottom current generation and intensity. Two key controls on contourite drift formation are identified: sediment influx and bottom current velocity. Sea level directly influences the sediment influx to a basin and, therefore, the contourite response fits nicely into the downslope sequence stratigraphy model. Bottom current velocity variations in response to sea level are more complex, and two key controls are identified: (1) oceanic gateways can effectively constrict and accelerate water masses and are therefore closely associated with CDS evolution; fluctuating sea level will affect the water exchange through a gateway; (2) changing rates of bottom-water generation: some water masses appear more vigorous during periods of lowstand, whereas others appear more sluggish. In order to accommodate this variation, two new sequence stratigraphy models are herein presented, comprising both downslope and alongslope processes. The first model reveals a CDS where bottom current activity is markedly more vigorous during times of sea level highstand, whereas the second model indicates margin evolution where bottom-water currents are most vigorous during times of sea level lowstand. It is recognised that there are additional controlling factors linked to sea level variation which can significantly modify the distribution and development of contourite elements. 相似文献
454.
The evaluation of error or uncertainty in shoreline change studies is an issue of prime importance for providing an adequate framework for calculated rates of change and to allow the establishment of threshold values above which the rates would be significant. In this note, a practical, easy-to-use method is presented to estimate error involved in the calculation of shoreline changes on aerial photographs, including the three most used types of shoreline indicators: high water line, dune/cliff toe and cliff top. This approach takes into account the specific characteristics of each shoreline proxy, such as relief in the case of the cliff top or tidal oscillations in the case of the high water line. At the same time it includes the error components that are independent from the proxy, basically related to the technical aspects of the process such as photo scanning and georeferencing. A practical example of application of the method is provided for several types of data inputs, based on shoreline changes around the Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain). 相似文献
455.
Future variability of droughts in three Mediterranean catchments 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
This study investigates the intensity change in typhoons and storm surges surrounding the Korean Peninsula under global warming conditions as obtained from the MPI_ECHAM5 climate model using the A1B series. The authors use the Cyclostationary Empirical Orthogonal Function to estimate future background fields for typhoon simulations from twenty-first-century prediction results. A series of numerical experiments applies WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) and POM (Prinston Ocean Model) models to simulate two historical typhoons, Maemi (2003) and Rusa (2002), and associated storm surges under real historical and future warming conditions. Applying numerical experiments to two typhoons, this study found that their central pressure dropped about 19 and 17 hPa, respectively, when considering the future sea surface temperature (a warming of 3.9 °C for 100 years) over the East China Sea (Exp. 1). The associated enhancement of storm surge height ranged from 16 to 67 cm along the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. However, when the study considered global warming conditions for other atmospheric variables such as sea-level pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, geopotential height, and wind in the typhoon simulations (Exp. 2), the intensities of the two typhoons and their associated surge heights scarcely increased compared to the results of Exp. 1. Analyzing projected atmospheric variables, the authors found that air temperatures at the top of the storm around 200 hPa increased more than those at the surface in tropical and mid-latitudes. The reduced vertical temperature difference provided an unfavorable condition in the typhoon’s development even under conditions of global warming. This suggests that global warming may not always correlate with a large increase in the number of intense cyclones and/or an increase in associated storm surges. 相似文献
456.
457.
ABSTRACTThe MHD-INPE model was applied in the Ji-Parana Basin, a 30 000 km2 catchment located in the southwest of the Amazon Basin which has lost more than 50% of its forest since the 1980s, to simulate land use and land cover change impacts on runoff generation process and how they are related to basin topography. Simulation results agree with observational studies in the sense that fast response processes are significant in sub-basins with steep slopes while in basins with gentle topography, the impacts are most visible in slow-response hydrological processes. On the other hand, the model is not able to capture the dependence of LUCC impacts on spatial scales. These discrepancies are probably associated with limitations in the spatial representation of heterogeneities within the model, which become more relevant at larger scales. We also tested the hypothesis that secondary forest growth should be able to compensate the decrease in evapotranspiration due to forest–cropland or forest–grassland conversion at a regional scale. Results showed that despite the small fraction of secondary forest estimated on the basin, the higher evapotranspiration efficiency of this type of forest counterbalances a large fraction of the LUCC impacts on evapotranspiration. This result suggests that enhanced transpiration due to secondary forest could explain, at least in part, the lack of clear LUCC signals in discharge series at larger scales.
EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR T. Wagener 相似文献
458.
Adriana Gazol Enrique Vázquez-Semadeni Javier Sánchez-Salcedo 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2004,289(3-4):459-463
We discuss numerical simulations (and issues) of the atomic ISM tailored to investigate the possible existence of significant amounts of gas in the temperature range between the warm and cold stable phases. We attribute the presence of this gas to two facts: the enhanced stability of moderate, adiabatic-like velocityfluctuations occurring when the ratio of the cooling to the dynamical crossingtime is large, and the recycling of gas from the denseto the diffuse phase by stellar energy injection. Weconclude by suggesting that the gas with unstable temperatures can beobservationally distinguished through simultaneous determination of twoof its thermodynamic variables. 相似文献
459.
Javier Ballesteros-Paredes 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2004,292(1-4):193-205
We review the main results from recent numerical simulations of turbulent fragmentation and star formation. Specifically, we discuss the observed scaling relationships, the “quiescent” (subsonic) nature of many star-forming cores, their energy balance, their synthesized polarized dust emission, the ages of stars associated with the molecular gas from which they have formed, the mass spectra of clumps, and the density and column density probability distribution function of the gas. We then give a critical discussion on recent attempts to explain and/or predict the star formation efficiency and the stellar initial mass function from the statistical nature of turbulent fields. Finally, it appears that turbulent fragmentation alone cannot account for the final stages of fragmentation: although the turbulent velocity field is able to produce filaments, the spatial distribution of cores in such filaments is better explained in terms of gravitational fragmentation. 相似文献
460.
Javier Ballesteros-Paredes 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2004,289(3-4):243-254
Molecular clouds (MC) are the densest and coldestcomponent of the interstellar gas, and the sites of starformation. They are also turbulent and fractaland theirmasses and sizes span several orders of magnitude. It is also generally believed that they are close to Virial equilibrium (VE).Since this statement has beenquestioned by a number of authors, with important implicationson molecular clouds’ lifetimes, we will review this subjectwithin the context of a turbulent ISM. In this framework, there issignificant numerical evidence that MCs are not in VE, that there is a strong exchange of mass, momentum and energy between clouds and their surrounding medium, andthat it is difficult (if not impossible) to form quasistatic coresinside MCs, suggesting that they must be transient, short-livedphenomena. Thus, their formation and disruption must be primarily dynamical, and probably not due tojust a single mechanism, but rather to the combination of severalprocesses. This picture seems consistent withrecent estimates of ages of stars in the solar neighborhood. 相似文献