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71.
Slope movements together with intensive river erosion and the following accumulation are the leading processes in the landscape evolution in the area of Machu Picchu village (former Aguas Calientes), which is located close to the Machu Picchu Sanctuary. Debris flows affect not only the bottoms of valleys or canyons, but also debris fans at the termini of the drainage basins, which are heavily inhabited at some places. The most recent event in the Machu Picchu village occurred in April 2004, but several others were documented in a broader area in the last 50 years. The field inspections at Machu Picchu (May and September 2004; June and September 2005) together with oral testimony revealed the nature and behavior of the debris flow. Machu Picchu village can be assessed as a zone with high landslide risk in relation to its urban development. Despite that, the village recorded a rapid growth (threefold population increase) without urban control within the past two decades. Precipitation, which is the main triggering factor of the debris flows, and natural hazard management of the Machu Picchu village are discussed in this paper. 相似文献
72.
L. G. Medaris Jr. E. D. Ghent H. F. Wang J. H. Fournelle E. Jelínek 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,86(3-4):203-220
Summary In the Kutná Hora Complex, the Běstvina Formation, which is similar to Gf?hl granulite, contains eclogite that has escaped
widespread retrograde recrystallization. The eclogite assemblage, garnet + omphacite + quartz + rutile ± plagioclase, yields
an estimate for peak metamorphic conditions of 18–20 kbar and 835–935 °C, which is comparable to that determined from felsic
granulite, 14–20 kbar and 900–1000 °C. Garnet in eclogite exhibits both prograde and retrograde compositional zoning, from
which constraints on thermal history of the Gf?hl terrane can be derived by diffusion modelling. At 900 °C, a garnet grain
of 800–1000 μm radius would homogenize in 7.5–11.7 million years, but the existence of compositional gradients on a length
scale of 100–200 μm suggests that the duration of peak metamorphism may have been limited to ∼500,000 years. Diffusion modelling
of retrograde zoning in garnet yields a cooling rate of 150–100 °C/m.y. for a radius of 800–1000 μm and initial temperature
of 900 °C. The relatively brief duration of high-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism and rapid cooling and exhumation of
the Gf?hl terrane may be a consequence of lithospheric delamination during Early Carboniferous collision of Bohemia (Teplá-Barrandia)
and Moldanubia (Franke, 2000). 相似文献
73.
C. Schnitchen D. J. Charman E. Magyari M. Braun I. Grigorszky B. Tóthmérész M. Molnár Zs. Szántó 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,36(1):1-17
Peatlands offer the potential for high resolution records of water balance over Holocene timescales, yet this potential is
under-exploited in many areas of the world. Within Europe, peatlands are mostly confined to areas north of 55° N, but several
areas of southern and eastern Europe contain small peatlands which may be suitable for palaeoclimatic reconstruction. In this
paper we test the potential of peatlands in the Carpathian region for deriving quantified estimates of water table changes
using testate amoebae analysis. A training set for palaeohydrological reconstruction from testate amoebae assemblages was
obtained by collecting surface samples from 13 peatlands, including 9 from Hungary and 4 from Transylvania (Romania). Using
a simple measure of mean annual water tables estimated from staining of PVC tape, we found that some peatlands were heavily
influenced by runoff and groundwater, and were therefore not suitable as modern analogues of ombrotrophic climatically sensitive
sites. The relationship between the testate amoebae assemblages in the modern samples and the environmental variables was
explored using CCA. The CCA biplot showed that the most important variables are depth to water table and moisture content,
confirming that hydrology is a key control on taxon distribution. pH was a secondary gradient. A transfer function for % moisture
and depth to water table was established and applied to fossil assemblages from a sequence from Fenyves-tető, Transylvania,
Romania. The reconstructed water table shows a number of variations which have parallels with other palaeoclimatic records
from Europe and the North Atlantic prominent phases of higher water tables are associated with the periods 8000–8300 cal BP,
3000–2500 cal BP and after 600 cal BP. We suggest that these were periods of particular intensification of westerly airflow
which affected eastern Europe as well as western and central Europe. 相似文献
74.
Skier-triggered avalanches are the main cause of avalanche accidents in backcountry skiing. The risk of accidents during backcountry
skiing was analysed statistically and related to factors such as elevation level, aspect, stability rating and the time of
the year. The analysis is based on a database about terrain usage and avalanche accidents from a large heli-skiing operator
in Canada, which makes it possible to study the conditional probability of accidents given the recorded pattern of terrain
usage. This study shows that the historical risk of accidentally triggering an avalanche greater than size 1 depends highly
on the stability rating, with the highest risk occurring during “poor” stability. The risk is greater at high elevations,
and it is lower during the late season than earlier on. Skier risk does not depend as much on aspect as may be indicated from
avalanche data alone. However, it is relatively high in the N–NE–E sector. These factors are not independent of each other
and therefore analyses of combined factors were also performed. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gain knowledge
about the terrain selection of professional mountain guides. These results indicate that when selecting terrain, guides first
look at the overall shape and size of the terrain, but avalanche history of terrain and inclination are also important factors.
Finally, remarks in avalanche reports were analysed, and common human factors identified. 相似文献
75.
S-S. Xu A. F. Nieto-Samaniego S. A. Alaniz-Álvarez L. G. Velasquillo-Martínez 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(5):841-853
The power-law exponent (n) in the equation: D=cL
n
, with D = maximum displacement and L = fault length, would be affected by deviations of fault trace length. (1) Assuming n=1, numerical simulations on the effect of sampling and linkage on fault length and length–displacement relationship are done in this paper. The results show that: (a) uniform relative deviations, which means all faults within a dataset have the same relative deviation, do not affect the value of n; (b) deviations of the fault length due to unresolved fault tip decrease the values of n and the deviations of n increase with the increasing length deviations; (c) fault linkage and observed dimensions either increase or decrease the value of n depending on the distribution of deviations within a dataset; (d) mixed deviations of the fault lengths are either negative or positive and cause the values of n to either decrease or increase; (e) a dataset combined from two or more datasets with different values of c and orders of magnitude also cause the values of n to deviate. (2) Data including 19 datasets and spanning more than eight orders of fault length magnitudes (10−2–105 m) collected from the published literature indicate that the values of n range from 0.55 to 1.5, the average value being 1.0813, and the peak value of n
d (double regression) is 1.0–1.1. Based on above results from the simulations and published data, we propose that the relationship between the maximum displacement and fault length in a single tectonic environment with uniform mechanical properties is linear, and the value of n deviated from 1 is mainly caused by the sampling and linkage effects. 相似文献
76.
The analysis of the time and space distribution of specular (reflecting) points in bistatic altimetry between GPS and CHAMP
satellites or SAC-C (taken as examples) is extended from Wagner and Klokočník (2003 J. Geod 77: 128–138). We demonstrate a
significantly higher number and density of reflecting points in bistatic altimetry in comparison with traditional monostatic
altimetry. After an outline of our older accuracy assessment for the vertical position of the reflecting point, we add a new
independent derivation and compare both approaches. We account for orbit errors of both the transmitters (GPS) and receiver
(CHAMP) satellites, and the measurement (delay) error. We found that the accuracy of the vertical position of the reflecting
point decreases only slowly with increasing off-nadir angle and that the orbit errors must be accounted for if decimeter and
better accuracy is required. In this paper, we do not study errors such as state of the ocean, technical parameters of the
receiving system, and atmospheric corrections. 相似文献
77.
Mariano Barriendos Javier Martín-Vide Juan Carlos Peña Roberto Rodríguez 《Climatic change》2002,53(1-3):151-170
Meteorological observations in the city of Cádiz are acknowledged as having been made from the middle of the 18th century onwards although they were only recorded and preserved in documentary form from 1789 onwards. Data readings were taken at the new Naval Observatory in San Fernando, ten kilometres from Cádiz, from 1797 onwards. Continuous series for temperature and atmospheric pressure at a daily resolution have been compiled and constructed from 1817 until 1996. The data series is composed of thrice daily observations made at Cádiz (1821–1880) by local observers and hourly data from Naval Observatory at San Fernando (1870–1996). 相似文献
78.
79.
José F. Noguera Lluís Rivero Xavier Font Andrés Navarro Francisco Martínez 《Environmental Geology》2002,41(8):898-905
80.
Several types of anhydrite-bearing rocks have been found in the amphibolite-facies metamorphosed rocks at the north-eastern margin of the Moldanubian Zone. Anhydrite either forms monomineralic bands up to 40 cm thick, or occurs in the form of disseminated grains in surrounding calc-silicate gneiss together with feldspar, scapolite, amphibole, pyroxene, epidote and pyrite. The isotopic composition of sulphur ('34S=30.6 to 32.3) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr=0.70797 to 0.70781) in anhydrite may indicate a marine source of sulphate. The isotopic ratio of strontium is in the same range as that of metamorphosed strata-bound barite-sulphide ores, which have been previously described in the same area. The '34S values of coexisting pyrite range from 21.4 to 22.5, the (34Sanhydrite-pyrite corresponding to the metamorphic temperature of 600 to 660 °C. In contrast to many submarine-exhalative deposits, the oxygen isotopic compositions of anhydrite ('18O=9.3 to 10.2) are lighter than that of barite ('18O=10.4 to 13.8). This indicates that the both minerals are not in isotopic equilibrium. Therefore, it is probable that anhydrite and barite from the Roná district were deposited from fluids that contained different proportions of seawater and hydrothermal fluids or from hydrothermal fluids that underwent variable extent of oxygen isotope exchange with seafloor rocks. The '13C values in calcite ('13C=-17.2 to -18.7) from anhydrite-bearing rock are lower than those in distant marbles. As graphite is absent in anhydrite- and calcite-bearing rocks, impoverishment in the 13C isotope cannot be attributed to the graphite-carbonate isotopic exchange during metamorphism. It is proposed that low '13C values in carbonates are caused by pre-metamorphic oxidation of organic matter in course of hydrothermal processes. Anhydrite and anhydrite-bearing calc-silicate gneiss from the north-eastern part of the Moldanubian Zone are interpreted to be the high-grade metamorphosed analogue of anhydrite-rich exhalites commonly found in submarine-exhalative hydrothermal deposits. 相似文献