Colonial transformations: Nature, progress and science in the Christchurch Botanic Gardens

Abstract:   The Christchurch Botanic Gardens are popularly portrayed, both positively and negatively, as an icon of colonial heritage. This paper explores the cultural, social and scientific functions of the Gardens in the 19th century, and argues that they did not simply support colonization. Rather, the Gardens were a site of negotiation, conflict and contradictory meaning. The aim is to show the colonial project, embodied in the space of the Botanic Gardens, as fraught and vulnerable, rather than as the extension of panoptic European power.     

Analysis of mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and Ki- and Ha-ras proto-oncogenes in hepatic tumors of European flounder (Platichthys flesus).

DNA from five tumors, three other-injured livers and two normal liver tissue samples from the European flounder were analyzed for mutations in exons 5-8 of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and at codons 12, 13 and 61 of Ha- and Ki-ras proto-oncogenes. No tumor-specific mutations were identified by direct sequencing and single-strand conformation polymorphism of these genes. A number of silent polymorphisms were noted in p53. In addition to a need for more extensive analyses of flounder liver tumor samples for ras or p53 mutations, other cancer-related genes should be investigated.     

Climate control on the evolution of Late Pleistocene alluvial‐fan and aeolian sand‐sheet systems in NW Germany

The Late Pleistocene was characterized by rapid climate oscillations with alternation of warm and cold periods that lasted up to several thousand years. Although much work has been carried out on the palaeoclimate reconstruction, a direct correlation of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records is still difficult. Here we present new data from late Middle Pleniglacial to Lateglacial alluvial‐fan and aeolian sand‐sheet deposits in northwestern Germany. Records of Late Pleniglacial alluvial fans in central Europe are very rare, and OSL dating is used to determine the timing of fan aggradation. In contrast to fluvial systems that commonly show a delay between climate change and incision/aggradation, the small alluvial‐fan systems of the Senne area responded rapidly to climatic changes and therefore act as important terrestrial climate archives for this time span. The onset of alluvial‐fan deposition correlates with the climate change from warm to cold at the end of MIS 3 (29.3±3.2 ka). Strong fan progradation started at 24.4±2.8 ka and may be related to a period of higher humidity. The vertical stacking pattern of sedimentary facies and channel styles indicate a subsequrent overall decrease in water and sediment supply, with less sustained discharges and more sporadic runoffs from the catchment area, corresponding to an increasing aridity in central Europe during the Late Pleniglacial. Major phases of channel incision and fan aggradation may have been controlled by millennial‐scale Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles. The incision of channel systems is attributed to unstable climate phases at cold–warm (dry–wet) or warm–cold (wet–dry) transitions. The alluvial‐fan deposits are bounded by an erosion surface and are overlain by aeolian sand‐sheets that were periodically affected by flash‐floods. This unconformity might be correlated with the Beuningen Gravel Bed, which is an important marker horizon in deposits of the Late Pleniglacial resulting from deflation under polar desert conditions. The deposition of aeolian sand‐sheet systems (19.6±2.1 to 13.1±1.5 ka) indicates a rapid increase in aridity at the end of the Late Pleniglacial. Intercalated flash‐floods deposits and palaeosols (Finow type) point to temporarily wet conditions during the Lateglacial. The formation of an ephemeral channel network probably marks the warm‐cold transition from the Allerød to the Younger Dryas.     

Trend analysis of precipitation in Jharkhand State,India

Jharkhand is one of the eastern states of India which has an agriculture-based economy. Uncertain and erratic distribution of precipitation as well as a lack of state water resources planning is the major limitation to crop growth in the region. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability in precipitation in the state was examined using a monthly precipitation time series of 111 years (1901–2011) from 18 meteorological stations. Autocorrelation and Mann–Kendall/modified Mann–Kendall tests were utilized to detect possible trends, and the Theil and Sen slope estimator test was used to determine the magnitude of change over the entire time series. The most probable change year (change point) was detected using the Pettitt–Mann–Whitney test, and the entire time series was sub-divided into two parts: before and after the change point. Arc-Map 9.3 software was utilized to assess the spatial patterns of the trends over the entire state. Annual precipitation exhibited a decreasing trend in 5 out of 18 stations during the whole period. For annual, monsoon and winter periods of precipitation, the slope test indicated a decreasing trend for all stations during 1901–2011. The highest variability was observed in post-monsoon precipitation (77.87 %) and the lowest variability was observed in the annual series (15.76 %) over the 111 years. An increasing trend in precipitation in the state was found during the period 1901–1949, which was reversed during the subsequent period (1950–2011).     

Chemistry and mineralogy of podiform chromitite deposits,southern NSW,Australia: a guide to their origin and evolution

Summary Many small podiform chromitite deposits occur within two alpine-type serpentinite belts (of uncertain age) in southern NSW. Most of these deposits are enclosed in massive serpentinised chromite-rich dunite which cross-cuts primary layering within the main harzburgite body. In the western belt, the chromitites are all Cr-rich, whereas in the eastern belt there is a spectrum from Cr-rich to highly Al-rich chromitites, all of which have a fairly Complex geographic distribution. All of the chromitites are ophiolitic in character and the chemistry of both the chromitites and discrete chromite grains is reasonably Constant within a deposit, but varies widely between deposits. The REE concentrations are very low and lack any systematic geographic distribution. Most of the hromitites have an opholitic PGE signature, although some exceptions do occur and this is ascribed to localised remobilisation during serpentinisation. PIXE proton probe results show that the chromite grains are enriched, relative to the. serpentine fracture-fill, in Mn, Ni, Zn and Ga and depleted in As and Cu. Inclusions Completely enclosed within the chromite grains include Al-rich chromite, PGE-bearing nickel sulphides, palladian gold, forsteritic olivine, pargasitic amphiboles and a member of the gedrite/anthophyllite group. PGE-bearing fracture-fill phases include millerite, heazlewoodite, polydymite, chalcopyrite, trevorite, native gold, ruthenium, palladium and Ni₃Pt(?). Other fracture-fill phases include awaruite, magnetite, pentlandite, lizardite 6T, chrysotile 2M, antigorite, talc, clinochlore IIb, uvarovite garnet, diopside and ferritchromit. The chromitites were derived from a different magma than the peridotite and the present distribution of low Al, intermediate Al and high Al Chromitites reflects the spatial distribution of a progressively fractionating parental magma rather than different magmatic sources. Both the trace element and REE Chemistries of the chromitites yield little insight into the genesis of the chromitite pods and their distribution Could reflect either an inhomogeneous distribution in the parental magma or localised remobilisation during serpentinisation. During serpentinisation, PGE within the chromities and hostrock dunites and harzburgites were released, and precipitated within the crack seal breccia environment of the chromitites. Provided that the inclusions enclosed within the chromite grains formed in the presence of the same fluid as the chromite, this magmatic chromite and olivine forming liquid must have had a minor concentrated volatile-rich component. Subsequent serpentinisation of the chromitites was responsbile for the localised remobilisation of metals, PGE, S and the REE.

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Chemismus und Mineralogie von podiformen Chromitlagerstätten, Süd-NSW, Australien: Ein Schlüssel zu ihrer Entstehung und Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche kleinere podiforme Chromitlagerstätten treten in zwei alpinotypen Serpinitingürteln unsicherer Altersstellung im südlichen NSW auf. Die meisten dieser Lagerstätten sind an serpentinisierte chromitreiche Dunite, die den primären Lagenbau der Harzburgitkörper durchsetzen, gebunden. Im westlichen Gürtel sind die Chromite Cr-reich, im östlichen reicht das Spektrum von Cr- bis Al-reichen Chromititen mit komplexer geographischer Verbreitung. Alle Chromitite zeigen ophiolitischen Charakter und die Zusammensetzung der Chromitite aber auch einzelner Chromitkörner ist relativ konstant innerhalb einer Lagerstätte. Sie variiert allerdings von Lagerstätte zu Lagerstätte. Die SEE Gehalte sind sehr niedrig. Eine systematische geographische Verteilung ist nicht erkennbar. Die meisten Chromitite zeigen ophiolitische PGE Verteilungsmuster, obwohl es auch Ausnahmen, die lokaler Remobilisation im Zuge der Serpentinisierung zugeschrieben werden müssen, beobachtbar sind. Ergebnisse von PIXE Protonensondenanalysen zeigen, daß die Chromitkörner im Vegleich zu den Serpentinitrißfüllungen an Mn, Ni, Zn und Ga angereichert und an As und Cu angereichert sind. Al-reiche Chromite, PGE-führende Nickelsulfide, Gold mit Palladium, Forsterit und pargasitische Amphibole, sowie Gedrit/Antophyllit sind als Einschlüsse in Chromit nachgewiesen. In PGE-führenden Rissen kommen Millerit, Heazlewoodit, Polydymit, Kupferkies, Trevorit, gedigenes Gold, Ruthenium, Palladium und Ni₃Pt(?) vor. Andere Phasen in diesen Rißfüllungen sind Awaruit, Magnetit, Pentlandit, Lizardit 6T, Chrysotil 2M, Antigorit, Talk, Klinochlor IIb, Uvarovit, Diopsid und Ferritchromit.Die Chromitite sind von einem anderen Magma als die Peridotite abzuleiten und die nunmehrige Verteilung von Al-armen bis Al-reichen Chromititen spiegelt die räumliche Verteilung eines fraktionierenden Ausgangsmagmas eher wider als unterschiedliche Magmenquellen. Spuren- und REE-Geochemie erlauben kaum Einblicke in die Genese der Chromititkörper. Ihre unregelmäßige Verteilung könnte entweder auf Inhomogenitäten des Ausgangsmagmas oder auf lokale Remobilisation im Zuge der Serpentinisierung zurückzuführen sein. Während der Serpentinisierung wurden PGEs in den Chromititen und dunitischen und harzburgitischen Nebengesteinen freigesetzt und in den ehromititischen crack-seal Brekzien wiederausgefällt. Unter der Annahme, daß sich die Einschlüsse in den Chromitkörnen in Gegenwart desselben Fluids wie die Chromite selbst gebildet haben, müssen die magmatischen Chromit- und olivinführenden Schmelzen mit einer volatilreichen Komponente koexistiert haben. Nachträgliche Serpentinisierung der Chromitite war für die lokale Remobilisation der Metalle, der PGEs, S und der REE verantwortlich.

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With 4 Figures     

Climate change, reproductive performance and diet composition of marine birds in the southern California Current system, 1969–1997

We studied the effects of low-frequency climate change on the reproductive performance of 11 species of marine bird in the southern California Current system, 1969–1997. Reproductive performance of Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) and Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocrax auritus) in southern California demonstrated an increase in the 1970s and early 1980s, attributable to recovery from organochlorine contamination (primarily DDE). Brandt's Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in central California was the only species to demonstrate a secular increase in performance through time, a pattern that remains unexplained. Ashy Storm-petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa) and Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) demonstrated curvilinear patterns of change, with decreasing reproductive performance in the past decade. All other species including Western Gull (Larus occidentalis), Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba), Xantus's Murrelet (Synthiloboramphus hypoleucus), Common Murre (Uria aalge), Cassin's Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) showed diminishing reproductive performance through time. Patterns of change for the murre and auklets were not significant, presumably because of a lack of reproductive variation for these species, which display a conservative breeding effort (i.e. single-egg clutches). Changes in the birds' abilities to provision young and maintain chick survival during May–July each year appeared most closely related to overall changes in reproductive performance. Dietary change indicated a decline in use of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) by marine birds in central California. There was also significant interannual variability in consumption of juvenile rockfish and the euphausiid Thysanoessa spinifera. Patterns of change in marine bird reproductive performance were generally concordant between southern and central California after considering the period of recovery for Brown Pelican and Double-crested Cormorant. The decline in reproductive performance and changes in diet composition do not appear directly related to the polarity reversal of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in 1976/1977. Instead, reproductive performance and dietary characteristics indicate substantial change in the late 1980s, suggesting another regime-shift at that time.     

Stable isotope analysis of Pacific salmon: insight into trophic status and oceanographic conditions over the last 30 years

Food web interactions and the response of Pacific salmon to physical processes in the North Pacific Ocean over interannual and interdecadal timescales are explored using naturally occurring stable isotope ratios of carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N). Stable isotope analyses of five species of sexually mature North Pacific salmon from Alaska (Oncorhynchus spp.) cluster into three groups: chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) have the highest values, followed by coho (O. kisutch), with chum (O. keta), sockeye (O. nerka), and pink (O. gorbuscha) together having the lowest values. Although detailed isotopic data on salmon prey are lacking, there are limited data on relevant prey items from areas in which they are found in high abundance. These data suggest that the characteristics of the sockeye, pink and chum we have analyzed are compatible with their diets including open ocean squid and zooplankton, which are in general agreement with stomach content analyses. Isotope relationships between muscle and scale show consistent relationships for both δ¹³C (R²=0.98) and δ¹⁵N (R²=0.90). Thus, scales, which have been routinely archived for many systems, can be used for retrospective analyses. Archived sockeye salmon scales spanning 1966–1999 from Red Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska were analyzed for their stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. The δ¹⁵N record displays a decreasing trend of ˜3‰ from 1969–1982 and an increasing trend of ˜3‰ from 1982–1992, while the variations in δ¹³C are relatively minor. These trends may result from factors such as shifts in trophic level of feeding and/or feeding location, or may originate at the base of the food web via changes in processes such as nutrient cycling or primary productivity. Detailed studies on prey isotopic variability and its controls are needed to distinguish between these factors, and thus to improve the use of stable isotope analysis as a tool to learn more about present and past ecosystem change in the North Pacific and its relation to climatic change.