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981.
K. Y. Chang C. M. Su G. E. Jan C. P. Chen 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):2060-2076
This article presents an efficient method for simultaneously finding both the Weber cell and optimal connective paths in a grid. As numerous barriers of arbitrary shape and weighted regions are distributed in the cell map of this research, the problem scenario is similar to working out a real-life facility location selection and path-routing problems in a geographical map. In this study, the Weber problem of finding a single-facility location from an accumulation cost table is generated by a grid wave propagation method (higher-geometry maze router). After finding the Weber point (cell), optimal connective paths with minimum total weighted cost are backtracked between the Weber location cell and the demand cells. This new computation algorithm with linear time and space complexity can be integrated as a spatial analytical function within GIS. 相似文献
982.
Ryan C. OGLIORE Christine FLOSS Frank J. STADERMANN A. T. KEARSLEY Jan LEITNER Rhonda M. STROUD Andrew J. WESTPHAL 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2012,47(4):729-736
Abstract– The Al foils lining the aerogel tiles of the Stardust interstellar tray represent approximately 13% of the total collecting area, about 15,300 mm2. Although the flux is poorly constrained, fewer than 100 impacts are expected in all the Al foils on the collector, and most of these are likely to be less than 1 μm in diameter. Secondary electron (SE) images of the foils at a resolution of approximately 50 nm per pixel are being collected during the Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination, resulting in more than two million images that will eventually need to be searched for impact craters. The unknown and complicated nature of 3‐dimensional interstellar tracks in aerogel necessitated the use of a massively distributed human search to locate only a few interstellar tracks. The 2‐dimensional nature of the SE images makes the problem of searching for craters tractable for algorithmic approaches. Using templates of craters from cometary impacts into Stardust foils, we present a computer algorithm for the identification of impact craters in the Stardust interstellar foils using normalized cross‐correlation and template matching. We address the speed, sensitivity, and false‐positive rate of the algorithm. The search algorithm can be adapted for use in other applications. The program is freely available for download at http://jake.ssl.berkeley.edu:8000/groups/westphalgroup/wiki/14e52/ISPE_SEM_Crater_Search.html . 相似文献
983.
Jan Hoek Jindich Prach Marek Kíek Petr ída Piotr Moska Petr Pokorný 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2019,48(4):988-1005
Pronounced climatic warming associated with the Late Weichselian Pleniglacial‐to‐Lateglacial transition caused considerable environmental changes throughout the former periglacial zones (in Europe ~53°–46°N). During permafrost degradation and subsequent ground subsidence (i.e. thermokarst processes), the landscape changed rapidly. In this study we investigated a flat mid‐altitude area in south Bohemia, Czech Republic, lying close to the southern limit of the Weichselian permafrost. We discovered palaeo‐lake basins with sedimentary infillings up to 11 m in depth. According to radiocarbon and palynostratigraphical dating, these basins were formed at the onset of the Late Pleniglacial‐to‐Lateglacial transition, whereas the smaller depressions were formed later. We suggest that the basins resulted from thermal and fluvio‐thermal erosion of the former permafrost and represent remnants of discontinuous gullies and possibly collapsed frost mounds (pingo/lithalsa scars). The formation of this a fossil thermokarst landscape was climatically driven and multiple phased, with the major phase during the climatic warming and wetting at the onset of GI‐1e (Bølling) and the minor phase during GI‐1c (Allerød). This study enhances knowledge of the palaeogeography of the former European periglacial zone by showing that Late Pleistocene thermokarst activity could have had a significant impact on the evolution of the landscape of at least some regions of central Europe along the southern limit of the continuous permafrost zone. The research also points to a similar history for the physical transformation of the landscape of the former European periglacial zone and current thermokarst landscapes and could be a valuable source of information with respect to the future transformation of the Arctic under conditions of ongoing global warming. 相似文献
984.
Germain Esquivel‐Hernndez Giovanny M. Mosquera Ricardo Snchez‐Murillo Adolfo Quesada‐Romn Christian Birkel Patricio Crespo Rolando Clleri David Windhorst Lutz Breuer Jan Boll 《水文研究》2019,33(13):1802-1817
High‐elevation tropical grassland systems, called Páramo, provide essential ecosystem services such as water storage and supply for surrounding and lowland areas. Páramo systems are threatened by climate and land use changes. Rainfall generation processes and moisture transport pathways influencing precipitation in the Páramo are poorly understood but needed to estimate the impact of these changes, particularly during El Niño conditions, which largely affect hydrometeorological conditions in tropical regions. To fill this knowledge gap, we present a stable isotope analysis of rainfall samples collected on a daily to weekly basis between January 2015 and May 2016 during the strongest El Niño event recorded in history (2014–2016) in two Páramo regions of Central America (Chirripó, Costa Rica) and the northern Andes (Cajas, south Ecuador). Isotopic compositions were used to identify how rainfall generation processes (convective and orographic) change seasonally at each study site. Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) air mass back trajectory analysis was used to identify preferential moisture transport pathways to each Páramo site. Our results show the strong influence of north‐east trade winds to transport moisture from the Caribbean Sea to Chirripó and the South American low‐level jet to transport moisture from the Amazon forest to Cajas. These moisture contributions were also related to the formation of convective rainfall associated with the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone over Costa Rica and Ecuador during the wetter seasons and to orographic precipitation during the transition and drier seasons. Our findings provide essential baseline information for further research applications of water stable isotopes as tracers of rainfall generation processes and transport in the Páramo and other montane ecosystems in the tropics. 相似文献
985.
Tectonothermal history of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) in the light of low‐temperature thermochronology
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Dariusz Botor Aneta A. Anczkiewicz István Dunkl Jan Golonka Mariusz Paszkowski Stanisław Mazur 《地学学报》2018,30(4):270-278
The low‐temperature thermal history of the Holy Cross Mountains (HCM) is investigated by apatite fission track and apatite and zircon (U–Th)/He thermochronology. Our results provide constraints on the deformation history of Palaeozoic basement rocks in the transition area from Precambrian to Palaeozoic Europe that are exposed from beneath Permian–Mesozoic sediments within the HCM. Late to post‐Variscan cooling of the Palaeozoic strata from maximum temperatures is shown to be a major feature of the HCM. This cooling likely followed a heating event related to burial and/or hot fluid circulation along the Holy Cross Fault in the late Carboniferous. The central part of the HCM shows a rapid cooling event caused by tectonic inversion, which started in the Late Cretaceous. However, this event was less pronounced in the western margin of the HCM, where slow cooling continued throughout the Mesozoic with only minor acceleration of the cooling rate since the latest Cretaceous. 相似文献
986.
Impacts of forest conversion and agriculture practices on water pathways in Southern Brazil
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Jérémy Robinet Jean P. G. Minella Cláudia A. P. de Barros Alexandre Schlesner Andreas Lücke Yolanda Ameijeiras-Mariño Sophie Opfergelt Jan Vanderborght Gerard Govers 《水文研究》2018,32(15):2304-2317
Land‐use/cover change (LUCC), and more specifically deforestation and multidecadal agriculture, is one of the various controlling factors of water fluxes at the hillslope or catchment scale. We investigated the impact of LUCC on water pathways and stream stormflow generation processes in a subtropical region in southern Brazil. We monitored, sampled and analysed stream water, pore water, subsurface water, and rainwater for dissolved silicon concentration (DSi) and 18O/16O (δ18O) signature to identify contributing sources to the streamflow under forest and under agriculture. Both forested and agricultural catchments were highly responsive to rainfall events in terms of discharge and shallow groundwater level. DSi versus δ18O scatter plots indicated that for both land‐use types, two run‐off components contributed to the stream discharge. The presence of a dense macropore network, combined with the presence of a compact and impeding B‐horizon, led to rapid subsurface flow in the forested catchment. In the agricultural catchment, the rapid response to rainfall was mostly due to surface run‐off. A 2‐component isotopic hydrograph separation indicated a larger contribution of rainfall water to run‐off during rainfall event in the agricultural catchments. We attributed this higher contribution to a decrease in topsoil hydraulic conductivity associated with agricultural practices. The chemical signature of the old water component in the forested catchment was very similar to that of the shallow groundwater and the pore soil water: It is therefore likely that the shallow groundwater was the main source of old water. This is not the case in the agricultural catchments where the old water component had a much higher DSi concentration than the shallow groundwater and the soil pore water. As the agricultural catchments were larger, this may to some extent simply be a scale effect. However, the higher water yields under agriculture and the high DSi concentration observed in the old water under agriculture suggest a significant contribution of deep groundwater to catchment run‐off under agriculture, suggesting that LUCC may have significant effects on weathering rates and patterns. 相似文献
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990.
Jan Vilhelm Vladimír Rudajev Roman Živor Tomáš Lokajíček Zdeněk Pros 《Geophysical Prospecting》2010,58(6):1099-1110
The purpose of this paper is the comparison of P‐wave velocity and velocity anisotropy, measured at different scales under laboratory and field conditions. A shallow seismic refraction survey with shot/receiver spacing of up to 10 m was carried out on a flat outcrop of lhertzolite in the southern part of the Balmuccia massif. Oriented rock samples were also obtained from the locality. The particular advantage of the laboratory method used is the possibility of measuring velocity in any direction under controlled conditions. Laboratory tests were made on spherical peridotite samples, 50 mm in diameter, by ultrasonic velocity measurements in 132 directions (meridian and parallel networks) under confining stress ranging from atmospheric to 400 MPa. The mean P‐wave velocity of the field and laboratory data differed by between 20–30%. In addition, P‐wave velocity anisotropy of 25% was detected in the field data. Whereas the anisotropy in the laboratory samples in the same orientation as the field surveys was less than 2%. This observed scaling factor is related to the different sampling sizes and the difference in frequencies of applied elastic waves. With an ultrasonic wavelength of 10 mm, laboratory samples represent a continuum. The field velocities and velocity anisotropy reflect the presence of cracks, which the laboratory rock samples do not contain. Three sub‐vertical fracture sets with differing strikes were observed in the field outcrop. Estimates of fracture stiffness from the velocity anisotropy data are consistent with other published values. These results highlight the difficulty of using laboratory velocity estimates to interpret field data. 相似文献