Determination of period of oscillation and sensitivity of simple horizontal pendulums for tidal measurements

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica - Авторы уже раньше...     

Untersuchungen an Sternpyranometern

Zusammenfassung Entwicklung, Aufbau und Funktionsweise der in Österreich verwendeten Sternpyranometer werden besprochen. Die drei gebräuchlichen Modelle werden eine strengen experimentellen Prüfung unterzogen. Augenmerk wird auf die Erfüllung bestimmter Forderungen für ein einwandfreies Funktionieren der Geräte gelenkt.Es wird gezeigt, daß die kurzwelligen Strahlungsströme in der Atmosphäre im Spektralbereich zwischen 0,3 und 3 nahezu unabhängig von der Wellenlänge und unter Erfüllung des Cosinus-Gesetzes bis zu Einfallswinkeln von 75° einwandfrei und bei Winkeln größer als 75° besser als bei anderen Pyranometern erfaßt werden. Einwirkungen der Temperatur auf die Anzeige können durch entsprechende Wahl der Kombination Geber/Leitung/Pyranometer ausgeschaltet werden. Lage des Gerätes, langwellige Temperaturstrahlungsströme und Witterungseinflüsse üben keinen Einfluß auf die Anzeige aus. Die Einstelldauer beträgt 20 Sekunden. Der Nullpunkt stellt sich ohne Depression nach Abschattung exakt ein. Die Stromausbeute ist der Bestrahlungsintensität streng proportional. Die einzelnen Geräte sind untereinander gut vergleichbar.Die Ausführungen zeigen, daß die Genauigkeit der Anzeige der hier beschriebenen Sternpyranometer den Anforderungen entspricht und daß die Instrumente sowohl bei Momentanmessungen der Globalstrahlung, der Himmelsstrahlung und der Albedo als auch bei Dauerregistrierungen einwandfreie Ergebnisse erwarten lassen.

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Summary Development, construction, and operation of star pyranometers used in Austria are discussed. The three usual models have been tested by rigorous experiments as to whether certain requirements for a correct functioning are fulfilled. It is shown that the short-wave radiation of the atmosphere in the spectral range between 0,3 and 3 is nearly independent on the wavelength and that it can be measured, in accordance with the cosine law, precisely up to angles of incidence of 75° and better than by other pyranometers with angles greater than 75°. Temperature influence on the indication of the instrument can be eliminated by choosing the right combination: receiver, circuit, pyranometer. The position of the instrument, long-wave temperature radiation, and weather conditions do not influence the indication. The time of reaction is 20 seconds. After obturation, the pointer returns exactly to zero. There is a strict proportionality between the amount of current and the radiation mtensity. Different instruments are well comparable among each other. The study shows that the accuracy of measurement of the described star pyranometers is sufficiently high and that these instruments offer correct results in case of momentaneous measurements of the global radiation, of the sky radiation, and of the albedo, as well as in case of continous recording.

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Résumé Développement, construction et fonctionnement des pyranomètres stellaires utilisés en Autriche. Contrôle expérimental sévère des trois modèles en usage. Les oxigences concernant un fonctionnement correct des instruments sont étudiées.On montre que les flux de rayonnement à courte longuer d'onde entre 0,3 et 3 de l'atmosphère sont mesurés correctement jusqu'à un angle d'incidence de 75° indépendament de la longueur d'onde et en accord avec la loi du cosinus; pour des angles supérieurs à 75° ils sont mieux mesurés qu'avec des autres pyranomètres. L'effet de température peut être éliminé par un choix convenable de la combinaison récepteur/circuit/pyranomètre. La position de l'instrument, le rayonnement à grande longueur d'onde et les phénomènes météorologiques n'ont pas d'effet sur les mesures. La durée de réaction est de 20 secondes. L'instrument revient exactement au zéro après obturation. Le courant mesuré est rigoureusement proportionnel à l'intensité de rayonnement. Les différents instruments sont aisément comparables entre eux.Ces faits montrent que l'exactitude des pyranomètres stellaires ici décrits répond aux exigences et que ces instruments fournissent d'excellents résultats tant pour la mesure instantanée du rayonnement global, du rayonnement céleste et de l'albédo que pour les enregistrements de longue durée.

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Mit 12 Textabbildungen

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Herrn Dr.Anders K. Ångström zu seinem 70. Geburtstag gewidment.     

On the magnetic phases of natural pyrrhotites

Summary The magnetic phases of natural pyrrhotites were studied by the method of powder patterns, the chemism of the magnetic phases by means of the electron microprobe method, and the crystal phases by etching the polished sections. The method of powder patterns distinguished the ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases in the transition-type pyrrhotites. The method of absorbed electrons lead to the discovery that both phases have a different chemical composition and that the ferrimagnetic phase has a lower denisty and an average atomic number. The linear and point-by-point analysis disclosed that the ferrimagnetic phase has a lower weight content of Fe and a higher weight content of S than the antiferromagnetic phase. Both the magnetic phases displayed different properties when etched, and therefore they not only have a different chemical composition, but also a different crystal structure. The necessity of studying the image of the absorbed electrons and the image of the etched surface of the polycrystalline samples of pyrrhotites of the transition type separately on individual grains was pointed out.     

The intensity of the earth's magnetic field in the past derived from the archaeomagnetic data

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Dedicated to Academician Alois Zátopek on His 65th Birthday     

Magnetism of natural pyrrhotite,haematite and ilmenite

Summary The paper deals with the magnetic properties of the natural minerals haematite, ilmenite and pyrrhotite. The natural remanent magnetization J_n, the volume susceptibility , the specific magnetization of saturation _so, the Curie temperature , the A.C. demagnetization of natural remanent magnetization, the thermal demagnetization J_n, the temperature dependence of the specific magnetization of saturation, and several other parameters were determined for the individual sets of minerals. Since natural minerals can and do contain various heterogeneous and isomorphic admixtures, their magnetic properties may change depending on the content and type of these admixtures. Therefore, all the investigations of the magnetic properties described in this paper were carried out with extensive sets of minerals, representing various Czechoslovak and world localities. A number of interesting results were obtained from the executed experiments, e.g., the different stability of the natural remanent magnetization of haematite with respect to A.C. demagnetization, the presence and type of heterogeneous inclusions in ilmenite, the phase changes connected with the -transition in natural pyrrhotites, etc. The types of distributions of the investigated values of the magnetic properties were also determined.     

The mean curvature of the external equipotential surface and the vertical gravity gradient as functions of stokes's constants

Summary The mean curvature of the equipotential surface and the vertical gradient of gravity are expressed in terms of a development into a series of spherical harmonics [1, 2, 4], neglecting terms of the order of 10^–8. The curvature anomalies have been computed using the satellite data [3]. The symbols used are the same as in [5].Dedicated to 90th Birthday of Professor Frantiek Fiala