Reconstruction of Last Glacial to early Holocene monsoon variability from relict lake sediments of the Higher Central Himalaya,Uttrakhand, India

Proglacial lake sediments at Goting in the Higher Central Himalaya were analyzed to reconstruct the summer monsoon variability during the Last Glacial to early Holocene. Sedimentary structures, high resolution mineral magnetic and geochemical data suggest that the lacustrine environment experienced fluctuating monsoonal conditions. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating indicates that the lake sedimentation occurred before 25 ka and continued after 13 ka. During this period, Goting basin witnessed moderate to strengthened monsoon conditions around 25 ka, 23.5 ka–22.5 ka, 22 ka–18 ka, 17 ka–16.5 ka and after14.5–13 ka. The Last Glacial phase ended with the deposition of outwash gravel dated at ～11 ka indicating glacial retreat and the onset of Holocene condition. Additionally, centennial scale fluctuations between 16.5 ka and 12.7 ka in the magnetic and geochemical data are seen.A close correspondence at the millennial scale between our data and that of continental and marine records from the Indian sub-continent suggests that Goting basin responded to periods of strengthened monsoon during the Last Glacial to early Holocene. We attribute the millennial scale monsoon variability to climatic instability in higher northern latitudes. However, centennial scale abrupt changes are attributed to the result of albedo changes on the Himalaya and Tibetan plateau.     

Center to limb variation of solar granulation

The density dependence of solar EUV line intensity ratios from Mg VIII, Si VII, S IX and Si IX ions have been used to determine electron densities in the quiet Sun and coronal holes. The line intensity values have been computed using a model atmosphere of Kopp and Orrall (1976) in order to emphasize the utility of the lines studied which could be compared with observational data that future missions might provide.     

Magnetostatic models filled with dust and disordered radiation

Magnetostatic models filled with dust and disordered radiation in which the distribution is that of perfect fluid, are obtained. Some physical and geometrical aspects of the models are investigated. In the last section of the paper, the Newtonian analogues of forces are also obtained.     

The deadliest stable continental region earthquake occurred near Bhuj on 26 January 2001

A large destructive earthquake occurred on 26 January 2001 in the region of Kutch, Gujarat, in Western India, with magnitude Mw 7.7. The earthquake caused very heavy damage and a large number of casualties with more than 20,000 deaths. A preliminary study of ground deformation, damage pattern and aftershock distribution is presented.     

Toxicity of Distillery Effluent to the Cyprinid Weed Fish Rasbora daniconius (Ham).

The toxicity of distillery wastes to the fish Rasbora daniconius was tested by bioassay. Ten concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 100% were employed. It was found that the fish were quite tolerant at the 1% concentration for about 24 hours of exposure and survived even up to 96 hours. Mortality was noticed in concentrations from 1.5% onwards. In the concentrations of 3.0% and above there was a heavy mortality beginning at 15 hours of exposure. From the chemistry of the medium studied it was found that the toxicity was inversely proportional to pH but directly proportional to conductivity and bicarbonate alkalinity of the medium.     

Nighttime enhancements in ionospheric electron content: seasonal and solar cycle variation

Various characteristics of anomalous nighttime enhancement in ionospheric electron content (IEC) at Lunping (14.08°N geomagnetic), a station near the crest of the equatorial anomaly, have been presented by considering the IEC data for the 21st solar cycle. Out of a total of 1053 enhancements, 354 occur in pre-midnight and 699 occur in post-midnight hours, which indicates an overall dominance of post-midnight events at Lunping. The occurrence is more frequent during summer, less during the equinox and least during winter months. All the characteristics of the enhancements have seasonal dependencies and they reach their maximum values during summer months. The occurrence of the pre-midnight events show positive and post-midnight events show negative correlation with solar activity. The results have been discussed and compared with those at low-latitude stations in India and Hawaii and at the mid-latitude station, Tokyo.     

On the meridional distribution of climate changes due to doubling of CO2 content in the atmosphere

Summary A two-dimensional radiative-convective model has been developed to calculate mean annual zonally-averaged temperature profiles for 18 latitudinal belts each of 10° width. The model includes meridional heat transport and impacts of surface albedo and lapse rate feedback mechanisms. In view of its flexibility and computational efficiency compared to a three-dimensional general circulation model, this model may serve as a useful tool in studying the climate sensitivity to external forcings.The model has been successfully applied to reproduce the meridional variation of climatic elements for the standard atmosphere. Next, the climate sensitivity to a doubling of atmospheric CO₂ has been examined. The surface temperature response ranges from 1.6 °C near the equator to 4 °C in polar regions with a global mean of 2.1 °C. The meridional distribution of surface warming due to doubled CO₂ simulated by our model agrees qualitatively with those obtained by NCAR and GFDL global circulation models in that the largest warmings in all three simulations are found at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. An interesting feature of our findings is that the maximum response due to doubled CO₂ tends to descend from the upper troposphere at low latitudes to the surface at high latitudes. The responses of the transport of sensible and latent heat are in opposite direction thus leading to only slight but positive changes in the total meridional heat flux.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein zweidimensionales Strahlungs-Konvektions-Modell entwickelt, um zonal gemittelte Temperaturprofile für 10° breite Gürtel zu berechnen. Das Modell beinhaltet meridionalen Wärmetransport, Einflüsse der Albedo und des vertikalen Temperaturgradienten. Aufgrund seiner Flexibilität und rechnerischen Effizienz im Vergleich zu dreidimensionalen Modellen der allgemeinen Zirkulation, kann dieses Modell gut zum Studium der Sensitivität des Klimas auf äußere Antriebe verwendet werden.Das Modell wurde zuerst erfolgreich angewandt, um die meridionale Variabilität der Klimaelemente für die Standardatmosphäre zu reproduzieren. Dann wurde die Sensitivität gegenüber einer Verdoppelung des atmosphärischen CO₂ untersucht. Die Veränderungen an der Erdoberfläche reichten von 1.6 °C nahe dem Äquator bis zu 4 °C in Polnähe mit einem globalen Mittel von 2.1 °C. Die meridionale Verteilung stimmt qualitativ mit den Modellergebnissen von NCAR und GFDL überein. Alle prognostizieren die größten Erwärmungen in den hohen Breiten der Nordhemisphäre. Ein interessantes Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung ist, daß die größte Erwärmung von der oberen Troposphäre in niedrigen Breiten in hohen Breiten zur Oberfläche absinkt. Die Prognosen für die Änderung des Transports von fühlbarer und iatenter Wärme zeigen den umgekehrten Effekt. Das führt zu einem geringen Anstieg des meridionalen Wärmeflusses.

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With 9 Figures     

Simulation of Storm Surges Along Myanmar Coast Using a Location Specific Numerical Model

Coastal flooding induced by storm surges associated with tropical cyclones is one of the greatest natural hazards sometimes even surpassing earthquakes. Although the frequency of tropical cyclones in the Indian seas is not high, the coastal region of India, Bangladesh and Myanmar suffer most in terms of life and property caused by the surges. Therefore, a location-specific storm surge prediction model for the coastal regions of Myanmar has been developed to carry out simulations of the 1975 Pathein, 1982 Gwa, 1992 Sandoway and 1994 Sittwe cyclones. The analysis area of the model covers from 8° N to 23° N and 90° E to 100° E. A uniform grid distance of about 9 km is taken along latitudinal and longitudinal directions. The coastal boundaries in the model are represented by orthogonal straight line segments. Using this model, numerical experiments are performed to simulate the storm surge heights associated with past severe cyclonic storms which struck the coastal regions of Myanmar. The model results are in agreement with the limited available surge estimates and observations.