全文获取类型
收费全文 | 24478篇 |
免费 | 172篇 |
国内免费 | 919篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1413篇 |
大气科学 | 1978篇 |
地球物理 | 4512篇 |
地质学 | 11617篇 |
海洋学 | 1006篇 |
天文学 | 1652篇 |
综合类 | 2161篇 |
自然地理 | 1230篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 2篇 |
2020年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 1篇 |
2018年 | 4764篇 |
2017年 | 4040篇 |
2016年 | 2582篇 |
2015年 | 236篇 |
2014年 | 84篇 |
2013年 | 31篇 |
2012年 | 993篇 |
2011年 | 2730篇 |
2010年 | 2018篇 |
2009年 | 2314篇 |
2008年 | 1891篇 |
2007年 | 2361篇 |
2006年 | 52篇 |
2005年 | 196篇 |
2004年 | 403篇 |
2003年 | 409篇 |
2002年 | 251篇 |
2001年 | 49篇 |
2000年 | 52篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 21篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 20篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
251.
In an attempt to estimate accurate local sea level change, “sea level trend” modes are identified and separated from natural variability via cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis applied to both the tide gauge data (1965–2013) and the reconstruction data (1950–2010) around the Korean Peninsula. For the tide gauge data, ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method is also used to estimate sea level trend to understand an uncertainty from different analysis tools. The three trend models—linear, quadratic, and exponential—are fitted to the amplitude time series of the trend mode so that future projection of sea level can be made. Based on a quadratic model, the rate of local sea level rise (SLR) is expected to be 4.63?±?1.1 mm year?1 during 2010–2060. The estimates of “local” sea level trend vary up to ~30%. It should be noted that, although the three trend models estimate similar sea level trends during the observational period, the projected sea level trend and subsequent SLR differ significantly from one model to another and between the tide gauge data and the reconstruction data; this results in a substantial uncertainty in the future SLR around the Korean Peninsula. 相似文献
252.
Ho-Jeong Shin Chan Joo Jang Il-Ung Chung 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2017,53(4):411-419
Recently we have had abnormal weather events worldwide that are attributed by climate scientists to the global warming induced by human activities. If the global warming continues in the future and such events occur more frequently and someday become normal, we will have an unprecedented climate. This study intends to answer when we will have an unprecedented warm climate, focusing more on the regional characteristics of the timing of unprecedented climate. Using an in-situ observational data from weather stations of annual-mean surface air temperature in Korea from 1973 to 2015, we estimate a timing of unprecedented climate with a linear regression method. Based on the in-situ data with statistically significant warming trends at 95% confidence level, an unprecedented climate in Korea is projected to occur first in Cheongju by 2043 and last in Haenam by 2168. This 125-year gap in the timing indicates that a regional difference in timing of unprecedented climate is considerably large in Korea. Despite the high sensitivity of linear estimation to the data period and resolution, our findings on the large regional difference in timing of unprecedented climate can give an insight into making policies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, not only for the central government but for provincial governments. 相似文献
253.
Mohd Rizaludin Mahmud Mazlan Hashim Mohd Nadzri Mohd Reba 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2017,53(3):375-384
We investigated the potential of the new generation of satellite precipitation product from the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) to characterize the rainfall in Malaysia. Most satellite precipitation products have limited ability to precisely characterize the high dynamic rainfall variation that occurred at both time and scale in this humid tropical region due to the coarse grid size to meet the physical condition of the smaller land size, sub-continent and islands. Prior to the status quo, an improved satellite precipitation was required to accurately measure the rainfall and its distribution. Subsequently, the newly released of GPM precipitation product at half-hourly and 0.1° resolution served an opportunity to anticipate the aforementioned conflict. Nevertheless, related evidence was not found and therefore, this study made an initiative to fill the gap. A total of 843 rain gauges over east (Borneo) and west Malaysia (Peninsular) were used to evaluate the rainfall the GPM rainfall data. The assessment covered all critical rainy seasons which associated with Asian Monsoon including northeast (Nov. - Feb.), southwest (May - Aug.) and their subsequent inter-monsoon period (Mar. - Apr. & Sep. - Oct.). The ability of GPM to provide quantitative rainfall estimates and qualitative spatial rainfall patterns were analysed. Our results showed that the GPM had good capacity to depict the spatial rainfall patterns in less heterogeneous rainfall patterns (Spearman’s correlation, 0.591 to 0.891) compared to the clustered one (r = 0.368 to 0.721). Rainfall intensity and spatial heterogeneity that is largely driven by seasonal monsoon has significant influence on GPM ability to resolve local rainfall patterns. In quantitative rainfall estimation, large errors can be primarily associated with the rainfall intensity increment. 77% of the error variation can be explained through rainfall intensity particularly the high intensity (> 35 mm d-1). A strong relationship between GPM rainfall and error was found from heavy (~35 mm d-1) to violent rain (160 mm d-1). The output of this study provides reference regarding the performance of GPM data for respective hydrology studies in this region. 相似文献
254.
Aircraft turbulence data from the Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network project were analyzed and compared to the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment (COARE) bulk parametrization of turbulent fluxes in an ocean area near the coast of California characterized
by complex atmospheric flow. Turbulent fluxes measured at about 35 m above the sea surface using the eddy-correlation method
were lower than bulk estimates under unstable and stable atmospheric stratification for all but light winds. Neutral turbulent
transfer coefficients were used in this comparison because they remove the effects of mean atmospheric conditions and atmospheric
stability. Spectral analysis suggested that kilometre-scale longitudinal rolls affect significantly turbulence measurements
even near the sea surface, depending on sampling direction. Cross-wind sampling tended to capture all the available turbulent
energy. Vertical soundings showed low boundary-layer depths and high flux divergence near the sea surface in the case of sensible
heat flux but minimal flux divergence for the momentum flux. Cross-wind sampling and flux divergence were found to explain
most of the observed discrepancies between the measured and bulk flux estimates. At low wind speeds the drag coefficient determined
with eddy correlation and an inertial dissipation method after corrections were applied still showed high values compared
to bulk estimates. This discrepancy correlated with the dominance of sea swell, which was a usually observed condition under
low wind speeds. Under stable atmospheric conditions measured sensible heat fluxes, which usually have low values over the
ocean, were possibly affected by measurement errors and deviated significantly from bulk estimates. 相似文献
255.
Trace Metal Solid State Speciation in Aerosols of the Northern Levantine Basin,East Mediterranean 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mustafa Koçak Nilgun Kubilay Barak Herut Malcolm Nimmo 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,56(3):239-257
An established three stage sequential leach scheme was applied to a series of selected high volume aerosol samples (n = 35) collected from the Turkish Eastern Mediterranean coastline (Erdemli). Samples were selected according to their air
mass back trajectory history to reflect the contrasting mixtures of aerosol material present in the Eastern Mediterranean
marine aerosol. Two populations were adopted, those samples which were classed as “anthropogenic” and those which were “Saharan”
dominated aerosol populations. Applying the three stage leach it was possible to define the proportion for each of the considered
metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn) present in the (a) “exchangeable” (b) “carbonate / oxide” and (c) “refractory” phases,
representing novel solid state aerosol speciation data for this marine system. Clear trends were established, conforming with
data from previous studies with mainly crustal derived metals (Al and Fe) being present in the refractory phases (Al > 88%;
Fe > 84%) and those influenced by anthropogenic sources being dominating in the exchangeable phase, although for these metals
the variability was comparatively high (12–64%; 19–85%; 40–100% for Zn, Pb and Cd, respectively). For the majority, greater
exchangeable fractions were present the lower the crustal source contribution to the aerosol population, whereas the “refractory”
fraction exhibited contrasting behaviour. This was illustrated by the novel application of the mixing diagram, presenting
each of the three speciation stages against the corresponding percent anthropogenic contribution to each collected sample.
Zn, Pb and Cd all illustrated progressive decrease in the percent exchangeable with increasing crustal contribution to the
aerosol population. The percent exchangeable was discussed in terms of its use to represent the upper limit of the bioavailable
fraction of metal associated with the aerosol, post deposition. The mixing diagram approach enabled the prediction of the
residual fractions for Cd, Pb and Zn (41 ± 4%; 62 ± 4% and 82 ± 5%, respectively,) in Saharan end-member material. 相似文献
256.
Ian P. Castro 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,164(3):337-351
Using analyses of data from extant direct numerical simulations and large-eddy simulations of boundary-layer and channel flows over and within urban-type canopies, sectional drag forces, Reynolds and dispersive shear stresses are examined for a range of roughness densities. Using the spatially-averaged mean velocity profiles these quantities allow deduction of the canopy mixing length and sectional drag coefficient. It is shown that the common assumptions about the behaviour of these quantities, needed to produce an analytical model for the canopy velocity profile, are usually invalid, in contrast to what is found in typical vegetative (e.g. forest) canopies. The consequence is that an exponential shape of the spatially-averaged mean velocity profile within the canopy cannot normally be expected, as indeed the data demonstrate. Nonetheless, recent canopy models that allow prediction of the roughness length appropriate for the inertial layer’s logarithmic profile above the canopy do not seem to depend crucially on their (invalid) assumption of an exponential profile within the canopy. 相似文献
257.
Pietro Salizzoni Raphaël Van Liefferinge Patrick Mejean Lionel Soulhac Richard J. Perkins 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,135(3):455-467
The influence of surface roughness on the dispersion of a passive scalar in a rough wall turbulent boundary layer has been
studied using wind-tunnel experiments. The surface roughness was varied using different sizes of roughness elements, and different
spacings between the elements. Vertical profiles of average concentration were measured at different distances downwind of
the source, and the vertical spread of the plume was computed by fitting a double Gaussian profile to the data. An estimate
of the integral length scale is derived from the turbulence characteristics of the boundary layer and is then used to scale
the measured values of plume spread. This scaling reduces the variability in the data, confirming the validity of the model
for the Lagrangian integral time scale, but does not remove it entirely. The scaled plume spreading shows significant differences
from predictions of theoretical models both in the near and in the far field. In the region immediately downwind of the source
this is due to the influence of the wake of the injector for which we have developed a simple model. In the far field we explain
that the differences are mainly due to the absence of large-scale motions. Finally, further downwind of the source the scaled
values of plume spread fall into two distinct groups. It is suggested that the difference between the two groups may be related
to the lack of dynamical similarity between the boundary-layer flows for varying surface roughness or to biased estimates
of the plume spread. 相似文献
258.
Climatic regime shift and decadal anomalous events in China 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Climatic time series from historical documents and instrumental records from China showed temporal and regional patterns in
the last two to three centuries, including two multidecadal oscillations at quasi-20-year and quasi-70-year timescales revealed
by signal analysis from wavelet transform. Climatic anomalous events on the decadal timescale were identified based on the
two oscillations when their positive (or negative) phases coincide with each other to amplify amplitude. The coldest event
occurred in the decade of 1965–1975 in eastern China, while the periods of 1920–1930, 1940–1950, and 1988–2000 appeared to
be warmer in most parts of China. For the precipitation series in northern China, the dry anomalous event was found in the
late 1920s, while the wet anomalous event occurred in the 1950s. A severe drought in 1927–1929 in northern China coincided
with the anomalous warm and dry decade, caused large-scale famine in nine provinces over northern China. Climatic anomalous
events with a warm-dry or cold-wet association in the physical climate system would potentially cause severe negative impacts
on natural ecosystem in the key vulnerable region over northern China. The spatial pattern of summer rainfall anomalies in
the eastern China monsoon region showed an opposite variations in phase between the Yellow River Valley (North China) and
the mid-low Yangtze River Valley as well as accompanied the shift of the northernmost monsoon boundary. Climatic regime shifts
for different time points in the last 200 years were identified. In North China, transitions from dry to wet periods occurred
around 1800, 1875, and 1940 while the transitions from wet to dry periods appeared around 1840, 1910, and the late 1970s.
The reversal transition in these time points can also be found in the lower Yangtze River. Climatic regime shifts in China
were linked to the interaction of mid- and low latitude atmospheric circulations (the westerly flow and the monsoon flow)
when they cross the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia. 相似文献
259.
The potential role of tropical Pacific forcing in driving the seasonal variability of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is explored
using both observational data and a simple general circulation model (SGCM). A lead–lag regression technique is first applied
to the monthly averaged sea surface temperature (SST) and the AO index. The AO maximum is found to be related to a negative
SST anomaly over the tropical Pacific three months earlier. A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis is then performed
on the tropical Pacific SST and the sea level pressure (SLP) over the Northern Hemisphere. An AO-like atmospheric pattern
and its associated SST appear as the second pair of SVD modes. Ensemble integrations are carried out with the SGCM to test
the atmospheric response to different tropical Pacific forcings. The atmospheric response to the linear fit of the model’s
empirical forcing associated with the SST variability in the second SVD modes strongly projects onto the AO. Idealized thermal
forcings are then designed based on the regression of the seasonally averaged tropical Pacific precipitation against the AO
index. Results indicate that forcing anomalies over the western tropical Pacific are more effective in generating an AO-like
response while those over the eastern tropical Pacific tend to produce a Pacific-North American (PNA)-like response. The physical
mechanisms responsible for the energy transport from the tropical Pacific to the extratropical North Atlantic are investigated
using wave activity flux and vorticity forcing formalisms. The energy from the western tropical Pacific forcing tends to propagate
zonally to the North Atlantic because of the jet stream waveguide effect while the transport of the energy from the eastern
tropical Pacific forcing mostly concentrates over the PNA area. The linearized SGCM results show that nonlinear processes
are involved in the generation of the forced AO-like pattern. 相似文献
260.
Meng-Dawn Cheng 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2018,75(1):1-16
Although a large volume of monitoring and computer simulation data exist for global coverage of HF, study of HF in the troposphere is still limited to industry whose primary interest is the safety and risk assessment of HF release because it is a toxic gas. There is very limited information on atmospheric chemistry, emission sources, and the behavior of HF in the environment. We provide a comprehensive review on the atmospheric chemistry of HF, modeling the reactions and transport of HF in the atmosphere, the removal processes in the vertical layer immediately adjacent to the surface (up to approximately 500 m) and recommend research needed to improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of HF in the troposphere. The atmospheric chemistry, emissions, and surface boundary layer transport of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are summarized. Although HF is known to be chemically reactive and highly soluble, both factors affect transport and removal in the atmosphere, the chemistry can be ignored when the HF concentration is at a sufficiently low level (e.g., 10 ppmv). At a low concentration, the capability for HF to react in the atmosphere is diminished and therefore the species can be mathematically treated as inert during the transport. At a sufficiently high concentration of HF (e.g., kg/s release rate and thousands of ppm), however, HF can go through a series of rigorous chemical reactions including polymerization, depolymerization, and reaction with water to form molecular complex. As such, the HF species cannot be considered as inert because the reactions could intimately influence the plume’s thermodynamic properties affecting the changes in plume temperature and density. The atmospheric residence time of HF was found to be less than four (4) days, and deposition (i.e., atmosphere to surface transport) is the dominant mechanism that controls the removal of HF and its oligomers from the atmosphere. The literature data on HF dry deposition velocity was relatively high compared to many commonly found atmospheric species such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. The global average of wet deposition velocity of HF was found to be zero based on one literature source. Uptake of HF by rain drops is limited by the acidity of the rain drops, and atmospheric particulate matter contributes negligibly to HF uptake. Finally, given that the reactivity of HF at a high release rate and elevated mole concentration cannot be ignored, it is important to incorporate the reaction chemistry in the near-field dispersion close to the proximity of the release source, and to incorporate the deposition mechanism in the far-field dispersion away from the release source. In other words, a hybrid computational scheme may be needed to address transport and atmospheric chemistry of HF in a range of applications. The model uncertainty will be limited by the precision of boundary layer parameterization and ability to accurately model the atmospheric turbulence. 相似文献