冻融循环对土体分散性的影响及微观机理分析

以吉林乾安地区土样为研究对象,通过对经历不同冻融循环次数的原始土样及改性后土样进行分散性测试和电镜扫描试验,利用MATLAB图像处理软件、CIAS裂隙定量分析程序对土样裂隙进行定量处理,探究循环冻融作用下土体分散性的变化规律与土体裂隙参数之间的关系及其微观机理。结果表明：(1)未经明矾处理的土样分散性随冻融循环次数的增加而增加,经明矾处理的改性土样在有限次(20次)冻融循环条件下分散性不发生变化;(2)冻融循环作用下结构单元体破碎,使土样中细粒含量增加从而使土体分散性增强,同时新形成的裂隙将土体切割成大小不一形状各异的块体,进而加剧了土体的分散性;(3)裂隙参数中,裂隙分形维数与土体分散性等级值相关性较好,裂隙率次之;(4)明矾中的铝离子替代了土颗粒表面的钠离子,增大了土颗粒之间的吸引力,从而降低了土体的分散性,且试样分散性受冻融循环条件的影响较小,因此明矾可作为一种良好的改性剂用于治理季冻区分散性土。     

基于粮食安全战略下的浙江省耕地保有量研究

依据1996～2008年耕地面积与粮食产量数据,采用基于粮食安全的耕地需求量预测方法,选取总人口、粮播比例、粮食单产、复种指数和人均粮食年需求量5个指标,分析预测了2020年浙江省耕地需求量。预测结果表明,到2020年全省耕地保有量至少为204.9万公顷,由此可见,基于粮食安全的浙江省耕地保护任务的艰巨性,并提出了耕地资源利用与保护的对策建议。     

Deep-sea smokers: windows to a subsurface biosphere?

Since the discovery of hyperthermophilic microbial activity in hydrothermal fluids recovered from "smoker" vents on the East Pacific Rise, the widely accepted upper temperature limit for life (based on pure culture data) has risen from below the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure to approximately 115 degrees C. Many microbiologists seem willing to speculate that the maximum may be closer to 150 degrees C. We have postulated not only higher temperatures than these (under deep-sea hydrostatic pressures), but also the existence of a biosphere subsurface to accessible seafloor vents. New geochemical information from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge indicative of subsurface organic material caused us to re-examine both the literature on hyperthermophilic microorganisms cultured from deep-sea smoker environments and recent results of microbial sampling efforts at actively discharging smokers on the Endeavour Segment. Here we offer the case for a subsurface biosphere based on an interdisciplinary view of microbial and geochemical analyses of Endeavour smoker fluids, a case in keeping with rapidly evolving geophysical understanding of organic stability under deep-sea hydrothermal conditions.     

信息时代地图技术美的研究与实践

通过分析现代地图表现形式及存在的问题，探讨了信息时代地图制图技术美的含义和地图技术美的表现形式。并在技术美创新理念指导下，对利用计算机技术和图形图像处理技术来改进地图符号设计，提高地图表现力进行了一些理论探讨和技术尝试．同时也得到了一些有益的启示。     

Electrochemical detection of harmful algae and other microbial contaminants in coastal waters using hand-held biosensors

Standard methods to identify microbial contaminants in the environment are slow, laborious, and can require specialized expertise. This study investigated electrochemical detection of microbial contaminants using commercially available, hand-held instruments. Electrochemical assays were developed for a red tide dinoflagellate (Karenia brevis), fecal-indicating bacteria (Enterococcus spp.), markers indicative of human sources of fecal pollution (human cluster Bacteroides and the esp gene of Enterococcus faecium), bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus), and a viral pathogen (adenovirus). For K. brevis, two assay formats (Rapid PCR-Detect and Hybrid PCR-Detect) were tested and both provided detection limits of 10 genome equivalents for DNA isolated from K. brevis culture and amplified by PCR. Sensitivity with coastal water samples was sufficient to detect K. brevis that was "present" (相似文献   

Organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches

To understand the spatial variation in concentrations and compositions of organic micropollutants in marine plastic debris and their sources, we analyzed plastic fragments (∼10 mm) from the open ocean and from remote and urban beaches. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alkylphenols and bisphenol A were detected in the fragments at concentrations from 1 to 10,000 ng/g. Concentrations showed large piece-to-piece variability. Hydrophobic organic compounds such as PCBs and PAHs were sorbed from seawater to the plastic fragments. PCBs are most probably derived from legacy pollution. PAHs showed a petrogenic signature, suggesting the sorption of PAHs from oil slicks. Nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and PBDEs came mainly from additives and were detected at high concentrations in some fragments both from remote and urban beaches and the open ocean.