地表基质综合调查：内涵、分层、填图与支撑目标

地表基质综合调查评价是支撑自然资源管理和服务宜林宜草、宜耕宜荒的基础性工作。关于地表基质综合调查的理论基础、目标定位、科学内涵、填图方法及分类分层等是目前探索的焦点与热点。文章在近年来承德生态文明示范区地表基质综合调查与多尺度填图的基础上,结合全国不同典型地区地表基质调查研究试点工作,进一步厘清了地表基质的科学内涵与支撑服务目标,建立了地表基质第三级分类方案和填图单元及命名方式,提出了地表基质调查中生产层、生态层和生活层的深度范围,最后从支撑塞罕坝地区植树造林和坝上地区狼毒草生态防治两个案例揭示了地表基质对植被群落的约束作用。研究成果可为深入理解地表基质的科学意义和开展全国范围的地表基质调查、监测、评价、区划提供基础参考。     

Nutrient dynamics at the sediment-water interface in a Mediterranean lagoon (Thau, France): influence of biodeposition by shellfish farming activities

The Thau Lagoon, a French Mediterranean shallow lagoon, is a site where extensive shellfish farming occurs. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the role of this activity on nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface in relation to organic matter (OM) sedimentation and degradation. Two stations inside (C5) and outside (C4) of the shellfish farming areas were sampled at three seasons. Porewater chemistry surveys and calculated diffusive fluxes were used to evaluate the trophic status of the Thau lagoon. Quantitative (Particulate Organic Carbon) as well as qualitative OM (Hydrogen Index, Carbohydrates) analyses were performed on sediments to assess OM characteristics. Results emphasized that surficial sediments at C5 are always more enriched in OM. Porewater nutrient concentrations are 10-20 times higher at C5 than at C4. In June 2003, the porewater profiles exhibit a sharp gradient at the bottom waters, indicating a hypereutrophic status, leading to an anoxic crisis.     

春季和夏季爆发型ENSO事件对夏季中国降水的影响

采用NCEP再分析资料、海温资料以及中国台站降水资料,借助统计方法,讨论了不同爆发型El Ni?o和La Ni?a事件对中国夏季(5~10月)降水分布的影响。根据定义,El Ni?o和La Ni?a事件分为两类:一类是在4~6月爆发,称为春季爆发型(分为ELSP1、ELSP2、ELSP3和LASP);一类是在7~10月爆发,称为夏季爆发型(分为ELSU和LASU)。结果显示,ELSP1型当年夏季,中国夏季降水主要呈现负距平分布,其中显著降水偏少区集中在黄河流域,在其次年夏季,降水由南往北呈现"-、+、-"异常分布,显著降水偏多区主要集中于中原地带。ELSP2型当年夏季和次年夏季,中国夏季降水基本呈现相反变化分布,即当年夏季,全国降水以偏少为主,次年夏季全国降水以偏多为主。ELSP3型当年夏季,以华南降水偏多、其余地区降水偏少为主,在其次年夏季,降水主要以长江流域和华北偏多。ELSU型当年夏季,长江以北降水偏少、西南以及华南沿海降水偏多;次年夏季,降水由南往北呈现"-、+、-、+"异常分布。LASP型当年夏季使得全国降水基本一致增多,尤其是长江流域;而在其次年夏季,除了淮河和长江下游地区降水略多异常,全国降水以基本偏少为主。LASU型当年夏季,降水呈现长江以南偏少、以北偏多的主要分布形势,在其次年夏季,除了长江中下游区域降水偏多以外,其余地区降水均偏少。降水的异常分布与Hadley环流和水汽异常分布密切相关。但LASU型所导致的环流变化对中国夏季降水预测指示意义比较弱。     

天山山区有利人工增雨的综合条件分析

利用天山山区2001～2002年6～7月31次较强降水天气过程的实况资料和20个降水日的28例云系的711数字化雷达资料，对天山山区夏季有利于人工增雨的气象条件、雷达回波资料及探空资料，分析了影响天山山区降水的几种主要天气系统、各种系统下降水回波源地、性质、变化、移向移速等活动规律，归纳出相关雷达回波参数和判据，为今后山区高炮一火箭人工增雨作业提供了一些科学依据。     

法国临近和短期预报方法简介

2004年11～12月,我有幸参加了法国国家气象局举办的“中纬度地区天气预报”培训班。经过两周的学习培训,法国的临近和短期天气预报理论及方法给我留下了深刻的印象。现将法国临近和短期预报方法做一简介,并谈几点想法。1临近和短期天气预报理论基于分析工具Isis除了常规的气象理论以外,法国形成了中尺度对流系统的气候学,运用气象卫星M ETEO SAT红外通道的信息自动跟踪中尺度对流系统。1993～1997年的夏半年间,欧洲共出现了6000个面积超过1×105km 2的对流系统。在分析单体风暴、复合体风暴、超级单体风暴时,科研人员采用Power-point的…     

Isotopic analyses of nitrogenous compounds from the Murchison meteorite: ammonia, amines, amino acids, and polar hydrocarbons

The combined volatile bases (ammonia, aliphatic amines, and possibly other bases), ammonia, amino acids, and polar hydrocarbons were prepared from the Murchison meteorite for isotopic analyses. The volatile bases were obtained by cryogenic transfer after acid-hydrolysis of a hot-water extract and analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of pentafluoropropionyl derivatives. The aliphatic amines present in this preparation comprise a mixture that includes both primary and secondary isomers through C5 at a total concentration of > or = 100 nmoles g-1. As commonly observed for meteoritic organic compounds, almost all isomers through C5 are present, and the concentrations within homologous series decrease with increasing chain length. Ammonia was chromatographically separated from the other volatile bases and found at a concentration of 1.1-1.3 micromoles g-1 meteorite. The ammonia analyzed includes contributions from ammonium salts and the hydrolysis of extractable organic compounds, e.g., carboxamides. Stable isotope analyses showed the volatile bases to be substantially enriched in the heavier isotopes, relative to comparable terrestrial compounds delta D < or = +1221%; delta 13C = +22%; delta 15N = +93%). Ammonia, per se, was found to have a somewhat lower delta 15N value (+69%) than the total volatile bases; consequently, a higher delta 15N (>93%) can be inferred for the other bases, which include the amines. Solvent-extractable polar hydrocarbons obtained separately were found to be enriched in 15N (delta 15N = +104%). Total amino acids, prepared from a hydrolyzed hot-water extract by cation exchange chromatography, gave a delta 15N of +94%, a value in good agreement with that obtained previously. Nitrogen isotopic data are also given for amino acid fractions separated chromatographically. The delta 15N values of the Murchison soluble organic compounds analyzed to date fall within a rather narrow range (delta 15N = +94 +/- 8%), an observation consistent with their formation, or formation of their precursors, by interstellar chemistry.     

盛夏强降水的多普勒雷达回波特征的初步分析

使用红外云图、多普勒雷达回波的强度场、速度场及VAD产品，对2002年7月24日夜间至25日凌晨的中天山及其北部地区的强降水天气过程进行了分析、诊断，得出对降水过程不同时段临近预报有指导意义的结论和指标。     

GPS观测值综合测速

使用GPS观测量不仅可以确定运动载体的位置，而且可以计算载体的运动速度。多普勒观测量一般用于速度的测定。多普勒观测量既有原始输出的(对于部分接收机)，也有由相位观测值导出的，而且有两种频率的观测值，它们均可以独立用于载体速度的计算，当然也可以综合起来测定载体速度，后者还未见报道，且值得探讨。本文讨论了用多种多普勒观测值综合测速的问题，给出了综合测速的数学模型，分析了其精度，评价了其优缺点，处理了实际测量数据，给出了一些结论。