A Multi‐Grid Method of High Accuracy Surface Modeling and Its Validation

A method of high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) has been constructed to find a solution for error problems that had long troubled surface modeling in geographical information systems (GIS). It is found that when a preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm is used to solve the large sparse linear system, which HASM can be transferred into, HASM performs best in terms of simulation compared with all other algorithms. But its computing speed is not fast enough for all applications. A multi‐grid method is introduced into HASM to try to shorten its computing time. Both numerical and real‐world tests demonstrate that there is a range of stop error (SE). The multi‐grid method of HASM (HASM‐MG) greatly increases computing speed when SEs are within this range, compared with the PCG algorithm of HASM (HASM‐PCG). HASM‐MG is suitable for applications with a need for less accuracy and a shorter computing time. HASM‐PCG is appropriate for issues needing higher accuracy. HASM‐MG performs better than HASM‐PCG in flat areas, while HASM‐PCG does better in complex terrainm in terms of accuracy and computing time.     

浅层弯线地震勘探采集与处理技术

在浅层地震勘探中,测线常常由于场地的限制而不能沿直线布设.而弯线地震勘探施工过程中炮检中点比较分散,影响共面元道集的叠加和最终剖面的真实性.加之浅层地震资料又有其自身的特殊性,所以选择合理有效的浅层弯线采集与处理技术非常必要.本文以甘肃陇南山区新文县一中测线为例,结合弯线共中心点面元叠加的时间、空间条件,在采集和处理两个环节分析控制炮检中点分散范围的具体方法,获得了真实且高品质的地震剖面.剖面有效波的能量较好,同向轴连续清晰,各种干扰波得到了压制,说明浅层弯线地震勘探的方法在理论上和技术上都是可行的.     

华北地区大地震的长余震序列

作为活化的古老克拉通,华北地区的地震活动非常频繁。上世纪60年代以来,华北地区曾经发生了1966年邢台M7.2,1975年海城M7.3和1976年唐山M7.8等地震。2012年5月28日,在唐山地震震源区又发生了M4.8地震,引起了国内外地学界的广泛关注和争议。争议的焦点在于此次地震是1976年唐山地震的余震,还是唐山地区乃至整个华北地区新一轮地震活动开始的预兆。本文利用华北地区过去40多年的地震活动资料,研究了邢台、海城和唐山地区的地震活动。研究结果显示,邢台、海城和唐山地区过去30多年的小震活动明显高于这些地区大震前的地震活动及华北地区的背景地震活动,应是余震。同时由GPS资料计算的邢台、海城和唐山地区的地壳水平应变率也明显高于华北地区的背景值。这些小震活动和地壳水平应变率同时表明邢台、海城和唐山强震区的余震数十年后仍在持续。震后粘性松弛可能是华北地区长时间余震持续的主要原因。     

相位张量分析约束下的大地电磁测深阻抗张量分解方法研究

由于浅部、局部不均匀三维异常体的影响,大地电磁测深(Magnetotelluric,MT)观测数据往往需要进行畸变校正.本文针对相位张量不受局部电场畸变影响的特点,研究相位张量分析约束下的大地电磁测深(MT)阻抗张量GB(Groom-Bailey)分解方法.分析由相位张量得到的相关参数,结合初步电性结构维性判断及二维或近似二维电性结构条件下电性主轴方向等信息,设计较合理的GB阻抗张量分解初始模型,提高GB算法的稳定性及可靠性.同时,在传统GB分解求解模型的基础上,将各向异性参数引入目标函数,并采用共轭梯度法进行模型的最优化求解.理论数据计算结果表明,MT阻抗张量GB分解方法的计算结果,依赖于初始模型中电性主轴角、阻抗张量值等参数的选择,相位张量分析约束下的GB分解方法能有效改善算法的稳定性和计算结果的可靠性.此外,研究表明,在合理的初始模型选择下,较之传统的GB分解方法,尽管各向异性参数仍旧无法求出,但带各向异性参数的GB分解方法在计算效率和结果可靠性方面均具有一定的优势.选择实际大地电磁测深点数据进行方法验证,取得了理想的电性分析结果.     

Diurnal hydrological controls and non-filtration effects on minor and trace elements in stream water draining the Qiyi Glacier, Qilian Mountain

Diurnal minor and trace elements in glacial outflow water draining the Qiyi Glacier and associated hydrological controls as well as the filtration effects on water chemistry were examined. Results show that major ions, Li, Sr, and Ba are exported predominately as mobile monovalent or divalent ions and are controlled by hydrological variations over the diurnal cycle exhibiting an inverse concentration with discharge, suggesting that Li, Sr, and Ba can be used as tracers in subglacial hydrological investigations. Conversely, other elements (e.g. Fe, Al, and Cr) exhibit variations that are not strongly correlated with the discharge reflecting the physicochemical controls. The non-filtered operation appears not to strongly influence Sr and Ba, but has an effect on some elements such as Fe, Al, V, Ti, and Co, indicating that these changed elements are transported in particulate forms and thus their concentrations are highly dependent on particulate numbers in solutions. This implies that the immediate filtration after sampling is essential in hydrochemical studies at Alpine glacial basins due to subsequent mineral dissolution.     

塔里木河中下游地下水化学及其演变特征分析

 通过对塔里木河中下游14个断面57眼地下水监测井样品离子化学成分分析,探讨了塔里木河中下游地下水化学成分特点、水化学类型及演化规律。结果表明：塔里木河中下游各断面地下水pH值变化不大,矿化度和各离子差异明显,地下水水样以Na⁺、Cl^-占绝对优势;矿化度较低的断面其离子浓度变化较小,反之,矿化度高的断面其离子浓度变化幅度较大;从塔里木河中游沙吉利克断面至铁依孜断面地下水化学类型由以Cl-SO₄-Na、Cl-Na-Mg和Cl-SO₄-Na-Mg型水为主,逐渐过渡为以Cl-SO₄-Na-Mg和Cl-Na型水为主,在下游阿克敦断面至考干断面地下水化学类型由以Cl-SO₄-Na-Mg、Cl-Na-Mg型水为主过渡为以Cl-Na、Cl-HCO₃-Na和Cl-Na-Mg为主;时间上,2006年中游断面沿河道地下水化学类型由Cl-SO₄-HCO₃-Na型过渡为Cl-SO₄-Na-Mg型再到Cl-Na型水,而2010年则由Cl-SO₄-Na型过渡为Cl-SO₄-Na-Mg型再到Cl-Na型水,在下游,2006年沿河道地下水化学类型由Cl-SO₄-Na型过渡为Cl-SO₄-Na-Mg型再到Cl-Na（Mg）型水,2010年则由Cl-SO₄-Na-Mg型直接过渡为Cl-Na-Mg型和Cl-Na型水。塔里木河中下游水样化学组成均落在Gibbs提出的Boomerang Envelope模型上翼,暗示研究区水样化学组成受到蒸发/结晶作用影响。另外,土地利用变化、灌溉、施肥等人为活动的影响不容忽视。     

Anomalous behavior detection in single-trajectory data

This paper presents an original approach to dynamic anomalous behavior detection in individual trajectory using a recursive Bayesian filter. The anomalous pattern detection is of great interest for navigation, driver assistance systems, surveillance as well as crisis management. In this work, we focus on the GPS trajectories of automobiles finding where the driver’s behavior shows anomalies. Such anomalous behaviors can happen in many cases, especially when the driver encounters orientation problems, i.e., taking a wrong turn, performing a detour, or losing the way. First, three high-level features, i.e., turns and their density, detour factor, and route repetition are extracted from the given trajectory geometry, for which a long-term perspective is required to observe data sequences of a significant length instead of individual time stamps. We therefore employ high-order Markov chains with a ‘dynamic memory’ to model the trajectory integrating these long-term features. The Markov model is processed by a proposed recursive Bayesian filter to infer an optimal probability distribution of the potential anomalous driving behaviors dynamically over time. The filter performs unsupervised detection in single trajectories based on local features only. No training process is required to characterize the anomalous behaviors. By analyzing the detection results of individual trajectories, collective behaviors can be derived indicating traffic issues such as congestions and turn restrictions. Experiments are performed on volunteered geographic information (VGI) data, self-acquired trajectories, and open trajectory datasets to demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硫时不同形态硫的影响

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)常常被应用于矿石、蛋白质和化石燃料等材料中硫含量的测定。文章综合研究比较了四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱(Q-ICP-MS)和扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱(SF-ICP-MS)测定硫的灵敏度、检出限及空白干扰。重点考察了两种不同的样品介质(水和2% HNO₃)中不同形态的硫对SF-ICP-MS测定硫信号的影响,并且深入研究了影响的原因。结果表明,硫含量相同但形态不同的含硫阴离子(S^2-、S₂O₃^2-、SO₃^2-、SO₄^2-)在2%的HNO₃介质中的信号比在水介质中的信号稳定,2%的HNO₃更适合于作为ICP-MS测定硫的介质。在2%的HNO₃介质中,S^2-、SO₃^2-中S的ICP-MS测量灵敏度(即标准曲线的斜率)分别为7828 cps/(μg·L^-1)、5528 cps/(μg·L^-1),SO₄^2-和S₂O₃^2-的测量灵敏度分别是为1321 cps/(μg·L^-1)、1299 cps/(μg·L^-1)。S^2-和SO₃^2-的灵敏度分别约为SO₄^2-的6倍和4倍;而S₂O₃^2-的灵敏度与SO₄^2-基本一致。主要原因在于S^2-、SO₃^2-形态的硫在HNO₃介质中形成了气态的H₂S和SO₂,相当于提高了雾化效率,从而使这两种形态硫的灵敏度大幅度提高。     

河北某氧化石英脉型金矿石全泥氰化浸出试验研究

河北省某金矿为氧化石英脉型金矿石,矿石中的金粒微细,平均粒径为0.011 3mm,包裹于黄铁矿、褐铁矿、石英中的金占64.68%,有一部分呈微细粒包裹在土状褐铁矿中,对这种细粒分散的含金氧化矿石采用全泥氰化浸金工艺。将原矿磨矿细度确定为-200目含量占85%,加入石灰对金矿石进行碱预处理,再加入氰化钠浸金,取得了浸出率为96.89%,吸附率为99.55%的试验结果。     

密斑刺鲀(Diodon hystrix)gnrh基因的克隆及表达分析

密斑刺鲀(Diodonhystrix)不仅具有食用价值,同时也是传统的中药及保健食品,但目前关于密斑刺鲀的生殖内分泌调控研究较少,限制了密斑刺鲀的人工繁育基础理论的发展。总所周知,促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH)是生殖内分泌调控的关键因子之一。利用转录组分析及分子克隆技术,获得密斑刺鲀促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasinghormone,GnRH) gnrh2和gnrh3基因的cDNA开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)序列,并利用生物信息学的方法,获得密斑刺鲀gnrh2 cDNA开放阅读框共279 bp,可编码92个氨基酸残基;密斑刺鲀gnrh3cDNA开放阅读框共270 bp,可编码89个氨基酸残基。通过系统进化分析表明,密斑刺鲀GnRH与鲀科类的鱼具有较近的亲缘关系。通过聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR)半定量的方法检测gnrh2和gnrh3基因在密斑刺鲀各组织中的分布,结果发现gnrh2和gnrh3基因在脾、鳃和垂体中的表达量较高,而在心脏中的表达量最低。此外,利用实时荧光定量的方法检测了密斑刺鲀gnrh2和gnrh3基因在性腺发育不同时期的表达模式,结果显示密斑刺鲀gnrh2基因在不同的性腺发育时期中没有显著性的变化,而gnrh3基因随着性腺发育成熟而不断升高。研究主要获得两个创新性的重要结果:首先是证实了密斑刺鲀存在两种gnrh基因(gnrh2和gnrh3),其次是提示了gnrh3基因可能是密斑刺鲀生殖调控的主要gnrh类型。研究结果可为深入研究密斑刺鲀生殖内分泌调控机理提供研究方向和基础。