21世纪的花岗岩研究, 路在何方？——关于花岗岩研究的思考之六

21世纪的花岗岩怎样研究是一个需要探索的问题。作者认为,应当对现有的花岗岩理论、流行的说法以及术语等进行清理和反思,汲取其精华,剔除其糟粕,抛弃那些不科学、不符合实际、不符合逻辑的部分。例如,在花岗岩研究中摈弃结晶分离的理论,缩小花岗岩混合作用的意义,限制花岗岩构造环境理论的应用,取消幔源、壳源和壳幔混合源的术语等。作者指出,今后花岗岩研究应当着重解决两个问题: (1)花岗岩是怎样的？(2)它何以是这样的？文中提出5个方面的任务作为今后研究的重点,即: 开展花岗岩立典式的研究,将花岗岩研究与古老地壳的研究结合起来,将花岗岩物理性质研究与地球化学究结合起来,开展广泛的实验岩石学研究和创建新的“大陆构造学”理论。鉴于花岗岩研究目前存在的严重误区,现有的花岗岩理论几乎全面崩溃,由四大基石支撑的花岗岩大厦行将坍塌,花岗岩研究正面临全球大洗牌。为此,作者建议开展一场关于花岗岩的大辩论,目的是清理思路,认清问题,明确方向,找到出路。作者呼吁,我们应当加强学习,加速引进人才,克服急躁情绪和浮夸的学风,摈弃从众思想和奴性思想,不以SCI论英雄,改进我们的学习,改善我们的制度,以推进花岗岩研究迈上新台阶。     

鲁西邹平盆地中生代火山岩的演化:对地幔源区的约束

邹平盆地中生代火山岩可分为三个亚组：中、下亚组具有相似的岩石组合,岩性主要为玄武岩-粗面玄武岩-玄武质粗面安山岩-粗面安山岩;上亚组岩性主要为粗面安山岩。火山岩由早期基性向晚期中偏碱性方向演化,与正常岩浆房酸度增高的岩浆分异趋势相同。具有Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素（LILE）和轻稀土元素（LREE）富集,Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）相对亏损,类似于岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。Nb／La、Hf／Sm比值随MgO的降低而升高或基本不变,说明高场强元素亏损是岩浆的原始特征。各亚组火山岩相似的稀土配分模式和微量元素蛛网图,表明它们具有共同的岩浆源区和密切的成因联系,分离结晶起了关键性作用。La／Nb、La／Ta、Ba／Nb比值较高,说明成岩物质可能主要来自岩石圈地幔。拆沉的大陆中、下地壳部分熔融形成的熔体与古生代岩石圈地幔（亏损的地幔橄榄岩）的相互作用是岩石圈地幔富集的重要方式,随之该富集地幔在陆内岩石圈伸展和区域热异常的双重作用下发生减压部分熔融而形成具有岛弧特征的邹平盆地火山岩。     

土壤聚合物对几种重金属离子固化效果的研究

土壤聚合物是一种新型的无机聚合物,其分子链由Si、O、Al等以共价键或离子键连接而成,形成网络结构,对重金属有较强的固定作用.本文试图利用土壤聚合物固化铜、锌、铅三种重金属离子,实现资源化利用.实验以固化体抗压强度和浸出毒性作为性能表征量,结果表明:土壤聚合物对不同重金属的固化有各自的极限浓度,Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 的理想固化量分别为0.9%、1%、2%;若固化过程中添加一定量的高炉矿渣,则可以提高固化体的抗压强度.本文通过土壤聚合物固化体SEM分析,从固化体微观结构的形态来阐述土壤聚合物宏观上的优越表现.     

An investigation of the size frequency resolution of an aerosol by the static method of diffusion

Summary Theoretical considerations are put forward for identifying the Dynamic and Static Methods of Diffusion measurements of aerosol particles. On the basic of this equality the Exhaustion Method of Diffusion developed byPollak andMetnieks for the size-frequency resolution of a heterogeneous aerosol by Dynamic Diffusion Methods should be applicable to Static Methods. This hypothesis is tested using a Pollak-Nolan nucleus counter as decay vessel. It is shown that turbulence in the counter is the most serious obstacle against this type of approach to finding the size components of an aerosol. The time involved, the high humidity in the counter and a hypothetical nucleus-free zone are other major difficulties for relatively large Aitken nuclei. It is established, however, that for particles whose diffusion coefficient is of the order of 10^–3 cm² sec^–1, the proposed method should be quite workable.     

采用碳氮稳定同位素技术对黄海中南部鳗鱼食性的研究

根据2005年4～5月在黄海和长江口海域进行的春季底拖网调查，应用稳定同位素方法研究了黄海中南部鯷鱼（Engraulis　japonicus）及其可能摄食饵料的碳氮稳定同位素比值，结果表明：（1）黄海中南部鯷鱼的食物组成为不同粒径的浮游动物、太平洋磷虾（Euphausia pacifuca）和仔稚鱼，其中以粒径为500-900μm的浮游动物为主，贡献比例占61％～84％；仔稚鱼贡献比例占16％～21％，较传统胃含物方法分析的结果小；（2）黄海中部海域鯷鱼的碳氮稳定同位素比值平均值较南部海域高，原因可能与各海域的能量来源不同或存在微食物环有关，也可能与不同海域鯷鱼的能量转换途径不一样，即与食物链长短不一有关．     

Effect of Cyclic Loading Frequency on Undrained Behaviors of Undisturbed Marine Clay

Based on a series of cyclic triaxial tests, the effect of cyclic frequency on the undrained behaviors of undisturbed marine clay is investigated. For a given dynamic stress ratio, the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain increase with the number of cycles. There exists a threshold value for beth the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain, below which the effect of cyclic frequency is very small, but above which the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain increase intensely with the decrease of cyclic frequency for a given number of cycles. The dynamic strength increases with the increase of cyclic frequency, whereas the effect of cyclic frequency on it gradually diminishes to zero when the number of cycles is large enough, and the dynamic strengths at different frequencies tend to the same limiting minimum dynamic strength. The test results demonstrate that the reasons for the frequency effect on the undrained soil behaviors are beth the creep effect induced by the loading rate and the decrease of sample effective confining pressure caused by the accumulated pore water pressure.     

海洋湍流的测量及相关分析

对海洋湍流速度脉动的一维概率密度作了测量，并把测量结果与高 斯分布进行了比较。比较的结果表明，一个接近于高斯分布而另一个却差别较 大。计算到直至五阶湍流相关函数并与网格湍流进行了比较，结果都表明小时 间间隔中测量结果与网格湍流的结果近似一致，而大时间间隔中却相差很大。 以上结论说明了较长的测量时间的必要性。     

Wave Decay and Its Characteristics in Surf Zone

In accordance with the similarity between breaking waves and hydraulic jumps, the expressions for estimating wave decay and wave energy dissipation in the surf zone are derived based on the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics. Using the numerical solution of cnoidal wave theory, the various kinematic properties of waves in the surf zone, including the relative wave crest height, wave energy, and radiation stress are discussed. The values calculated with the method proposed in this paper are in good agreement with the experimental data gained by other researchers. The present expressions can be used in the studies of sediment transport on gently sloping beaches, especially on muddy beaches.     

THE VERTICAL MIGRATION OF DIATOM IN LITTORAL OF XIBIAN AND XIAO''AO

The vertical migration of diatoms in mud-flats was studied in littoral of Xibian, Longhai County and Xiao'ao, Lianjiang County, the dominant species being Gyrosigma spencerii and Hantzschia virgata respectively. Both light and tide are important factors affecting the vertical migration of diatoms. With the advent of tide, the diatom community disappears from the surface. It reappears gradually when exposed to light. In the dark, the diatoms never appear in great quantity on the surface in laboratory or in littoral. Whether in the light or in the dark, the diatoms aggregate in maximum numbers in the upper 2 mm of the sediment. But when the tide has covered the sediments for 4 hr, Hantz. virgata penetrates the mud down to a depth of 14 mm, Gy. spencerii, 12 mm. We have found that Gy. spencerii posseses phototaxis, but no tide rhythm and no day-night rhythm in our laboratory.     

山东近海牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)自然和养殖群体10个微卫星基因座位的遗传多态性分析

采用微卫星遗传标记技术对山东近海牙鲆自然群体和养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。实验所用牙鲆于2003年5月分别采自山东近海和青岛胶南养鱼场，各20尾，取全血或肌肉组织，以酚-仿抽提方法提取基因组DNA，利用筛选获得的10对微卫星引物进行PCR扩增，反应产物经8％非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离、EB显色，用ImageMasterl D Elite(Version 3．01)软件分析电泳结果，并计算了相应的遗传学参数。结果表明，在自然和养殖群体中，10个基因座位的等位基因平均数(α)分别为6．7和6．1，每个基因座位有效等位基因数(αe)分别为1．8—6．8和2．5—6．7，群体平均杂合度(H)分别为0．8120和0．7310；两个群体间的遗传相似性系数、遗传距离和基因分化系数为0．8558、0．1557和0．0558；自然群体内每个座位上的多态信息含量(PIC)为0．59—0．84、个体识别率(DP)为0．54—0．86、非父排除率(PPE)为0．41—0．72，其累积个体识别率和非父排除率均达到0．9999，表明所选座位属中高识别力的遗传标记，可以将它们应用于今后牙鲆雌核发育群体的遗传变异分析以及进一步的遗传育种的研究中。