基于“城—村—地”三维视角的农村居民点整理策略——以江苏省新沂市为例

农村居民点作为当前国土资源利用效率提升的重要潜力空间,对其进行调控研究是促进可持续乡村建设的重要内容。城镇作为区域社会经济文化中心,村城关系在一定程度上影响着农村居民点发展的空间潜力;土地作为农村居民点发展的支撑条件和空间载体,村地关系在一定程度上体现了农村居民点布局的适宜性及资源利用的协调性。在扎实推进新农村建设、统筹城乡发展、促进土地集约节约利用的背景下,将“城—村—地”纳入统一分析框架,有利于统筹不同空间尺度要素对居民点整理的影响。本研究立足农村行为主体的空间关联性,综合“城—村—地”三级空间对象,提出农村居民点整理策略分析框架;基于对农村居民点地域系统要素构成和结构层次的分析,从城镇发展辐射性、村域布局适宜性、土地利用协调性等三方面构建了农村居民点整理潜力评价体系,进而探讨了相应的农村居民点整理途径。最后选取江苏省新沂市进行实证分析,将其划分为优先整理区、重点整理区、适度挖潜区、优化调整区及特殊整理区等居民点用地整理类型,提出相应的整理模式及优化路径,以期为农村居民点的整理优化提供有益借鉴,助推可持续的城乡空间重构。     

海南岛人工与天然红树林重金属污染、 富集与转运能力比较

以海南岛东寨港、清澜港与三亚河3个红树林自然保护区为研究区,综合比较了人工与天然红树林6种重金属（Cd、As、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn）的地累积指数、潜在生态危害指数、生物富集系数与转运系数的差异。结果表明：1）研究区红树林沉积物中,Cd呈现强度—极强度污染,As为中度—强度污染,Cr属中度污染,Zn为轻度污染,Cu与Pb表现为无至轻度污染;从区域空间看,Cd污染表现为：东寨港（强度—极强度）＞清澜港（强度）＞三亚河（无污染）,As污染表现为：清澜港（中度—强度）＞东寨港（中度—强度）＞三亚河（中度）;Cr污染表现为：东寨港（中度）＞清澜港（轻度）＞三亚河（无污染）。2）东寨港人工无瓣海桑、天然白骨壤、人工与天然桐花树、人工与天然海莲,清澜港的天然桐花树Cd的值（单一重金属潜在生态危害系数）属较强潜在生态风险,东寨港与清澜港的天然正红树林、清澜港的人工无瓣海桑、天然杯萼海桑和天然海莲Cd的值属中等潜在生态风险,其余红树植物6种参评元素的值与RI值（多重金属总潜在生态风险指数）均属轻微级;综合而言,Cd、As、Pb和Cr似乎更易引发海莲、桐花树与无瓣海桑的健康风险问题。3）人工与天然红树植物各器官对6种参评重金属的富集系数大体表现为：根＞枝＞叶;红树植物植株平均富集系数总趋势为：三亚河人工红树林＞三亚河天然红树林＞清澜港天然红树林＞东寨港天然红树林＞清澜港人工红树林＞东寨港人工红树林。4）人工与天然红树林的重金属转运系数都显示出：叶—枝＞枝—根＞叶—根;植株平均转运系数总趋势：三亚河人工红树林＞三亚河天然红树林＞东寨港天然红树林＞东寨港人工红树林＞清澜港天然红树林＞清澜港人工红树林。5）红树植物与林下沉积物重金属含量之间具有强的正相关关系,这表明控制沉积物重金属含量和减少外源重金属污染是维护红树林湿地生态系统健康重要而有效的环节。6）同一地区同种红树植物在吸附重金属能力上人工林略强于天然林,这可能与人工红树林的营林环境、人为扰动存在一定关联。     

城镇化与旅游发展背景下的乡村文化研究：学术争鸣与研究方向

快速城镇化和旅游发展背景下的乡村文化衰落现象,已经成为制约国家新型城镇化战略和乡村旅游发展的重大紧迫问题。以乡村文化保护为主线,通过综述乡村文化的研究进展,围绕城镇化和旅游发展对乡村文化是“繁荣”还是“衰落”、是“原真”保护还是“创新”利用、是景观“美化”还是文化“重构”等学术争论的焦点问题,提出了乡村文化保护利用和恢复重构的研究思路、研究方向及主要科学问题。强调应运用区域性、综合性的地理思维和人地关系的视角,综合集成多学科理论和多种研究方法与现代技术,聚焦引领性科学问题,关注城镇化对乡村文化胁迫效应测度及其影响过程与机制分析,重视乡村文化的科学保护、旅游活化利用、旅游村镇化与村镇旅游化、特色田园乡村建设和乡村多元价值提升,运用社区恢复力理论构建乡村文化恢复模型,依据文化基因、乡愁记忆等理论和建构主义方法确定乡村文化重构内涵,构建符合中国乡村特点的文化重构模式,从而为乡村振兴、乡村文化保护和乡村旅游持续发展提供理论支撑和实践依据,为国内学者进行乡村文化和乡村旅游研究提供借鉴和启示。     

粤港澳区域联动发展的关键科学问题与重点议题

在新时期新背景下,实现粤港澳区域联动发展具有紧迫性、必要性和重大现实意义。本文认为研究粤港澳区域联动发展需要以区域一体化理论体系、“全球—地方”尺度理论、区域空间相互作用理论体系为主要的理论基础。其关键科学问题是研究“一国两制”下粤港澳尺度的区域联动理论,探索粤港澳区域联动的机制、关键因素、模式与路径;提出了粤港澳区域联动发展关注的4个重点议题：①粤港澳区域一体化/协同理论的研究与探索;②粤港澳地位与作用研究;③粤港澳联动的多尺度、多主体影响机制与模式研究;④粤港澳联动发展的实施路径研究。     

Integrating multi-agent evacuation simulation and multi-criteria evaluation for spatial allocation of urban emergency shelters

The timely and secure evacuation of residents to nearby urban emergency shelters is of great importance during unexpected disaster events. However, evacuation and allocation of shelters are seldom examined as a whole, even though they are usually closely related tasks in disaster management. To conduct better spatial allocation of emergency shelters in cities, this study proposes a new method which integrates techniques of multi-agent system and multi-criteria evaluation for spatial allocation of urban emergency shelters. Compared with the traditional emergency shelter allocation methods, the proposed method highlights the importance of dynamic emergency evacuation simulations for spatial allocation suitability analysis. Three kinds of agents involved in evacuation and sheltering procedures are designed: government agents, shelter agents, and resident agents. Emergency evacuations are simulated based on the interactions of these agents to find potential problems, for example, time-consuming evacuation processes and road congestion. A case study in Jing’an District, Shanghai, China was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. After three rounds of simulation and optimization, new shelters were spatially allocated and a detailed recommended plan of shelters and related facilities was generated. The optimized spatial allocation of shelters may help local residents to be evacuated more quickly and securely.     

Surface-deformation monitoring in the permafrost regions over the Tibetan Plateau,using Sentinel-1 data

Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(D-In SAR) has been widely used to measure surface deformation over the Tibetan Plateau. However, the accuracy and applicability of the D-In SAR method are not well estimated due to the lack of in-situ validation. In this paper, we mapped the seasonal and long-term displacement of Tanggula(TGL) and Liangdaohe(LDH) permafrost regions with a stack of Sentinel-1 acquisitions using the Small Baseline Subset In SAR(SBAS-In SAR) method. In the TGL region, with its dry soils and sparse vegetation, the In SAR-derived surface-deformation trend was consistent with ground-based leveling results; long-term changes of the active layer showed a settlement rate of around 1 to 3 mm/a due to the melting of ground ice, indicating a degrading permafrost in this area. Around half of the deformation was picked up on monitoring, in contrast with in-situ measurements in LDH, implying that the D-In SAR method remarkably underestimated the surface-deformation. This phenomenon may be induced by the large soil-water content, high vegetation coverage, or a combination of these two factors in this region. This study demonstrates that surface deformation could be mapped accurately for a specific region with Sentinel-1 C-band data, such as in the TGL region.Moreover, although the D-In SAR technology provides an efficient solution for broad surface-deformation monitoring in permafrost regions, it shows a poor performance in the region with high soil-water content and dense vegetation coverage.     

Research on the Sustainability of Afghanistan Based on the Emergy Analysis

Afghanistan is an important country for the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (the Belt and Road) proposed by China. Due to years of war, Afghanistan is not well-developed economically. However, Afghanistan has abundant mineral resources and unique geographical advantages that are of far-reaching significance for Chinese economic strategic development. To investigate the sustainability of the eco-economic system of Afghanistan, we completed a quantitative evaluation of the emergy of Afghanistan during the period 2008 to 2015 by establishing an indicator system based on an emergy analysis. Results showed that from 2008 to 2015, the total emergy used of Afghanistan increased from 5.56×10²² sej to 9.75×10²² sej, among which the proportion of non-renewable emergy was less than 25.7%. This indicates that local resources in Afghanistan have yet to be exploited and utilized effectively and that its economic development relied heavily on the input of external resources. Meanwhile, the Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) of Afghanistan from 2008 to 2015 dropped from 3.00 to 0.72, the Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) increased from 0.77 to 2.06, and the Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR) dropped from 2.31 to 1.49, reflecting the imbalanced utilization of resources and the low level of economic development in Afghanistan. As a result, the potential for sustainable development of Afghanistan is relatively great. Basic infrastructure construction and reasonable exploitation of natural resources are the urgent needs.     

Eco-compensati on in Guanting Reservoir Watershed Based on Spatiotemporal Variations of Water Yield and Purification Services

Guanting Reservoir (GR) is one of the most important water sources for Beijing and neighboring regions. Due to water pollution, it was withdrawn from the system to supply Beijing drinking water; however, after a thorough treatment process, GR was made a reserve water source since 2007. To develop a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of water yield and purification services in the GR watershed, this study selected two time periods: the period when GR was withdrawn from the system supplying local drinking water and the period that it has been designated a reserve water source. The InVEST model was used to evaluate the quantities of water yields, and total nitrogen and total phosphorus outputs from 1995 to 2010 Additionally, the spatiotemporal variations of water yield services and water quality purification services in the GR watershed were analyzed. The results showed that water yield services in the GR watershed first weakened and then became stronger, but weakened overall during the years 1995 to 2010. Water yield capacity in the basin decreased from 1.89×109 m³ in 1995 to 1.43×109 m³ in 2010 (a drop of 24.0% in total). Water quality purification services also showed the same tendency. Total nitrogen output decreased from 4028.7 t in 1995 to 3611.4 t in 2010, while total phosphorus decreased from 379.7 t in 1995 to 354.0 t in 2010. Nitrogen and phosphorus purification services were enhanced by 10.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Changes in the climate and land use were the main factors which lead to the changes in the water yield service in the GR watershed. Policies intended to protect water resource have matched the varying trends of water quality purification services during different periods. On one hand, the research results provide a foundation to identify key fields for eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin. On another hand, the ecosystem service value will increase on the basis of eco-compensation criteria through setting the scenarios of returning farmland to forest and ecological protection. This method directly reflects increases in ecosystem service values that have occurred since measures to protect the ecological environment have been implemented. This method is more persuasive and feasible than using eco-compensation criteria based on regional ecosystem service values determined by land use/ coverage type. It can provide a new way to assess eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin and other regions.     

REGIONAL DISCREPANCIES OF THE IMPACT OF TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN WARMING ON NORTHWEST PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY IN THE YEARS OF DECAYING EL NIO

This study investigates the influences of tropical Indian Ocean(TIO) warming on tropical cyclone(TC)genesis in different regions of the western North Pacific(WNP) from July to October(JASO) during the decaying El Nio. The results show significant negative TC frequency anomalies localized in the southeastern WNP. Correlation analysis indicates that a warm sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) in the TIO strongly suppresses TC genesis south of 21°N and east of 140°E in JASO. Reduced TC genesis over the southeastern WNP results from a weak monsoon trough and divergence and subsidence anomalies associated with an equatorial baroclinic Kelvin wave. Moreover,suppressed convection in response to a cold local SSTA, induced by the increased northeasterly connected by the wind-evaporation-SST positive feedback mechanism, is found unfavorable for TC genesis. Positive TC genesis anomalies are observed over higher latitudinal regions(at around 21°N, 140°E) and the western WNP because of enhanced convection along the northern flank of the WNP anomalous anticyclone and low-level convergence,respectively. Although local modulation(e.g., local SST) could have greater dominance over TC activity at higher latitudes in certain anomalous years(e.g., 1988), a warm TIO SSTA can still suppress TC genesis in lower latitudinal regions of the WNP. A better understanding of the contributions of TIO warming could help improve seasonal TC predictions over different regions of the WNP in years of decaying El Nio.     

近30年来国外国家公园研究进展与启示

国家公园是自然保护和旅游研究领域的重要内容之一。本文以Web of Science数据库收录的近30年国外国家公园相关文献为基础,对筛选的451篇英文文献运用可视化软件CitespaceⅢ及系统综述的方法,从资源评估、环境影响、发展模式、规划、运营管理5个方面对国外国家公园研究主要内容进行述评,并对研究方法进行系统分析。最后,从国家公园立法、发展模式构建、管理内容与方法、社区参与模式与机制、环境监测与评估5个方面提出未来中国国家公园的研究方向。总体上看,国外有关国家公园的研究具有研究对象复杂、视角多元、方法综合的特征。在构建国家公园体制的大背景下,借鉴国际经验构建中国国家公园研究体系将对完善中国保护地相关研究、指导国家公园建设具有重要意义。