DGNSS 数据传输格式 RTCM3.2的介绍及解码研究

传统的网络RTK中数据中心和流动站的数据传输一般采用RTCM SC‐104格式,而数据中心和参考站之间一般采用接收机厂商自定义的实时数据格式。为了满足新一代网络RTK多系统,多信息类型的实时数据传输,RTCM 委员会专门推出了最新的 RTCM 10403.2数据格式。本文详细介绍了最新版的 RTCM3.2电文特点,新增的MSM 电文,编、解码方式以及对BDS系统的支持。给出了M SM电文组的解码流程,通过对实时数据进行解码实验,证明了算法的正确性和可靠性。     

资源三号卫星影像融合优化方法探讨

针对资源三号卫星影像如何进行影像融合、波段组合才能到达到最佳视觉效果还没有统一意见的问题,该文提出了利用目前测绘项目中普遍采用的融合算法、波段组合比例对不同地形类别资源三号卫星影像进行实验验证的方法。综合主观评价与客观评价融合后的影像质量,得出了Subtractive、Pansharp和Pansharp2方法较为适合资源三号卫星影像融合的结论,其中绿波段与近红外波段的最佳组合比为9∶1。同时,分析了资源三号卫星影像融合后数据量大大增加、如何将近红外波段的波谱信息合理地加入到红、绿、蓝波段中等问题。     

基于滚球法的面要素聚合

在自动制图综合中,面要素聚合较为常用的方法是利用聚类方法将面要素聚类为若干个类簇,进而将每个类簇合并为更大的多边形图斑。针对地图制图领域的前沿研究课题——地图自动综合,该文提出了一种基于滚球法的面状要素聚合的新方法,通过实验阐述了该方法在居民地等面要素综合中的应用,并与传统的聚合算法进行了效率上的对比分析。该方法较传统的聚合方法效率上有很大提高,在大数据量聚合中有一定的应用前景,当选择合适的滚球半径进行综合时,有较理想的结果。     

基于地统计学的江西省年降水量插值研究

本文选取江西省86个气象站点2008年的年降水量数据,基于地统计学理论对数据进行探索性空间数据分析,得出该组气象数据插值的理论最优模型。采用不同全局趋势及变差函数模型进行插值,通过交叉性检验证实了该理论模型的有效性。最终结果显示,采用3次函数剔除全局趋势并以球状模型作为变差函数模型的考虑高程的Co-Kriging方法插值结果最优。     

浅谈地理信息主管(GIO)及其人才培养

分析地理信息主管这一高层次复合型人才提出的背景,介绍地理信息主管的性质和职责及其在美国的发展。在对国内外地理信息相关人才培养情况的分析基础上,指出我国地理信息主管人才培养的必要性,并对我国地理信息主管人才培养进行思考。最后,提出我国地理信息主管人才培养的大致思路:着重对人才进行基本技术的培养和管理能力的培养。     

冬季青藏高原大气热状况分析Ⅱ：年际变化

通过诊断3套再分析资料的非绝热加热场,研究冬季青藏高原上空大气的热力特征.结果表明,与夏季为强热源的特征不同,冬季高原上空不是欧亚大陆上最强的冷源中心.冬季高原上空整体是偏弱的冷源,在高原西侧及东南地区上空甚至出现非绝热加热正值区,这一分析对以往研究提出的高原是冷源的特性给出了修正.各种非绝热加热分量的诊断表明,冬季高原上空这种总的非绝热加热分布主要是由于高原主体的长波辐射冷却较周边地区弱,以及西侧至东南地区凝结潜热释放造成的.为了说明再分析的非绝热加热资料对冬季高原上空大气的这种热力特征描述的可信性,文中还利用了地表辐射能量、TRMM及PREC/L降水、垂直速度等资料进一步辅助分析,证实了由于高原位势较高造成大气整层温度偏低,向外长波辐射偏少,以及高原地势的隆起造成局地较强的上升运动,高原西侧至东南角降水大值区潜热偏大,最终造成高原上空总非绝热加热负值偏小.最后理想高原隆起的水球试验结果说明,冬季,高原的存在减弱了陆地上空的冷却效应,因而其上为弱冷源,再次证实了资料分析的结果.     

湖泊疏浚堆场淤泥污染及潜在生态风险评价

疏浚淤泥内通常含有不同类型的有毒有害物质,在堆场直接堆放过程中可能会对周围环境产生有害影响.本文针对太湖及巢湖相应疏浚堆场内淤泥进行研究,探讨淤泥中重金属、多环芳烃以及多氯联苯等污染物含量及潜在生态风险;根据重金属的风险指数法和持久性有机污染物的风险商法,对各污染物的潜在生态风险进行定量分析.研究结果表明,太湖白旄堆场以及孔湾堆场淤泥内重金属及多环芳烃含量较小,潜在生态风险较低;巢湖南庄堆场淤泥内各类有害物质含量较大,种类较多,对于周围环境具有较高的潜在生态威胁.多氯联苯则在各个疏浚堆场淤泥中具有很高的积累量,潜在生态风险较高,应引起管理者的重视.     

加标回收在水质分析中的应用及回收率计算方法

阐述了水质分析中加标回收分析的方法步骤、条件控制及计算方法。当加标体积影响试样在加标水样中的浓度时,直接使用回收率理论计算公式的计算值,均较其真实的回收率偏低,且其偏低值随加标体积的增加而增大。根据加标回收分析的定义,分别以加标前后被测组分质量浓度(mg/L)的变化或含量(μg)的变化为依据,导出两个计算加标回收率的实用公式。采用该公式,加标体积可以不受严格控制,其计算结果与真实的回收率一致,适用于日常水质分析工作。     

梅雨锋云系的结构特征及其成因分析

利用逐时卫星遥感观测资料和地面测站的降水资料，分析了江淮流域2003年6月22～26日暴雨过程中梅雨锋云系的演变、结构特征和形成原因。结果表明，梅雨锋云系为一条TBB的低值带，稳定少动，其上分布着中尺度对流系统（MCS），而中尺度对流系统是由不同尺度、不同强度．的对流单体（包括中β和中γ尺度对流单体）组成的，从而使得梅雨锋云系产生不均匀的降水分布（包括时间上和空间上）。在该暴雨过程中，梅雨锋云系充分体现了中尺度对流系统中所包括的3类组织结构形式。梅雨锋云系与中高纬度云系或热带辐合带云系之间的相互作用与暴雨过程关系密切，梅雨锋云系的维持和发展与强大的黄淮气旋云系直接相关，它是江淮流域上空冷暖气流交汇的结果。     

Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.