Consolidation and creep behaviors of two typical marine clays in China

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the deformation characteristics of two typical marine clays obtained from Dalian and Shanghai, respectively, in China. Three kinds of laboratory tests, i.e. conventional oedometer tests, one-dimensional and triaxial creep tests were carried out. The results obtained from consolidation tests demonstrate linear v e ？ log？ relationships for Shanghai clay at normally consolidated state, while partly or even global non-linearrelationships for Dalian clay. The compression index c C for both clays follows the correlation of Cc=0.009（WL-10）where WL is the liquid limit of soil. The relationship between v log Kv （ Kv is the hydraulic conductivity of soil） and voidratio e is generally linear and the hydraulic conductivity change index kv C can be described by their initial void ratio forboth clays. The secondary compressibility of Dalian clay lies in medium to high range and is higher than that of Shanghaiclay which lies in the range of low to medium. Furthermore, based on drained triaxial creep tests, the stress-strain-timerelationships following Mesri＇s creep equation have been developed for Dalian and Shanghai clays which can predict thelong-term deformation of both clays reasonably well.     

新型旋转减冲装置对桩基局部冲刷防护试验研究

为减轻海上风电单桩基础周围局部冲刷对其结构安全的影响,提出了一种新型旋转减冲装置。在波流水槽中开展物理模型试验,改变波流条件、装置安装高度、安装距离,记录桩周冲刷发展历时,运用激光地形仪扫描冲刷坑形态,分析各工况下冲刷坑形态差异,验证装置不同安装距离、安装高度下的冲刷防护效果,提出了不同安装位置下的防护效率公式。结果表明：新型旋转减冲装置具有较好的冲刷防护效果,本试验工况下,桩周最大冲刷深度可减小44%左右。装置安装距离对冲刷防护效果影响较小,波流作用下的冲刷防护效果受装置安装高度影响显著,冲刷防护效果随装置安装高度的增加而减弱。     

地理环境与时空行为对主观幸福感的影响研究进展

主观幸福感是目前国内外研究热点,与提升居民生活质量和建设宜居城市密切相关。已有大部分文献侧重单一空间尺度的研究,分析社会经济属性和地理环境要素(包括建成环境、社会环境、环境污染)对主观幸福感的影响;也有部分研究关注居民日常出行属性和活动特征对主观幸福感的作用机制,探讨长期幸福感与短期幸福感的内在关系。论文对上述研究进行较为系统的梳理与评价,综合考虑地理环境、时空行为与主观幸福感的复杂关系,构建主观幸福感的理论研究框架,总结时空行为视角下多尺度、多维度地理环境要素对主观幸福感的影响机制以及作用路径,并探讨主观幸福感的时空动态规律以及微观行为机制,为改善城市人居环境、优化居民行为模式提供科学依据和政策建议。     

深水压力舱密封技术研究

管道屈曲技术试验过程当中,发现深水压力舱的出厂自带密封工艺耗时过长、密封效果不好、安全性不佳、返工现象普遍.针对这一现象,采用全新的密封工艺流程与方法:在前期处理中对螺柱编号与清理以防止螺母安装过程中的卡死现象;采用自创的精度控制方法防止漏水以及返工;根据不同的工作压力对密封技术进行梯度划分,选取不同的密封方案.经过实...     

FLU-net：用于表征页岩储层微观孔隙的深度全卷积网络

页岩孔隙是页岩气储集的主要空间,孔隙的形状、大小、连通性与发育程度很大程度上决定了页岩储集层的储集性能,因此,页岩气开采首先需要对其孔隙有充分的认识。基于阈值分割法获取页岩孔隙结构参数是目前页岩微观结构表征的一种重要手段,但是受扫描电镜图像灰度分布差异的影响,该方法需要逐一修改图像的最佳分割阈值以达到最好的孔隙分割效果,且阈值分割方法无法直接划分孔隙类别,这给后续的页岩微观结构定量表征带来了麻烦。为了实现页岩孔隙的智能识别和分类,笔者设计基于像素级语义分割的深度全卷积神经网络FLU-net,对页岩孔隙识别并分类为有机孔、无机孔（粒内孔、粒间孔）及裂缝,并结合孔隙尺度分类统计方法,分析不同类型孔隙发育数量、孔径大小、孔隙度等参数,实现页岩储层微观孔隙结构的自动化定量表征。以重庆渝西区块足201井区和四川盆地威远地区威204井区的页岩扫描电镜图像为研究对象,在对1 600幅页岩扫描电镜图像原始数据进行人工标注并划分数据集后,使用FLU-net进行孔隙识别,结果表明,本方法具有较高的准确率,同时自动化程度和泛化能力均高于传统预测方法。因此,扫描电镜与基于深度学习的语义分割模型结合是定量研究页岩微观结构表征的有效手段。     

Visualizing the effect of excavation rate on rock deformation and fracturing of tunnels using a transparent soft rock surrogate

One of the most important problems during tunneling in soft rock is deformation and fracturing of the rock during tunneling. The problem was successfully explored by using a transparent rock surrogate to simulate the behavior of soft rock, which permitted visualizing conditions within the rock. Synthetic soft rock was made using consolidated fused quartz saturated with a blend of two mineral oils that have the same refractive index as the quartz. The tunnel was simulated using a smooth aluminum tube and two tunneling methods representing machining and blasting were considered. Two observation planes made of seeding particles were pre-placed within the model and used to track soil movements and crack propagation. Images of both planes were captured simultaneously using two orthogonal cameras. Rock deformations were concentrated in the vicinity of the tunnel face, and deformation rates behind the tunnel face were significantly greater than those ahead of the face. However, deformation rates and patterns varied considerably depending on the excavation method/rate. Fracturing mechanisms exhibited similar differences, for machining deformations occurred higher above the crown and propagated toward the tunnel face. Conversely for blasting deformations sprang from the crown upwards. These observations can assist with numerical simulations and in planning tunnel support systems.

     

Enhanced Multi-Layer Fatigue-Analysis Approach for Unbonded Flexible Risers

This paper proposes an enhanced approach for evaluating the fatigue life of each metallic layer of unbonded flexible risers. Owing to the complex structure of unbonded flexible risers and the nonlinearity of the system, particularly in the critical touchdown zone, the traditional method is insufficient for accurately evaluating the fatigue life of these risers. The main challenge lies in the transposition from global to local analyses, which is a key stage for the fatigue analysis of flexible pipes owing to their complex structure. The new enhanced approach derives a multi-layer stress-decomposition method to meet this challenge. In this study, a numerical model validated experimentally is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the stress-decomposition method. And a numerical case is studied to validate the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the multi-layer stress-decomposition method is accurate, and the fatigue lives of the metallic layers predicted by the enhanced multi-layer analysis approach are rational. The proposed fatigue-analysis approach provides a practical and reasonable method for predicting fatigue life in the design of unbonded flexible risers.     

Quantification of human and climate contributions to multi-dimensional hydrological alterations: A case study in the Upper Minjiang River,China

Dual factors of climate and human on the hydrological process are reflected not only in changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of water resource amounts but also in the various characteristics of river flow regimes. Isolating and quantifying their contributions to these hydrological alterations helps us to comprehensively understand the response mechanism and patterns of hydrological process to the two kinds of factors. Here we develop a general framework using hydrological model and 33 indicators to describe hydrological process and quantify the impact from climate and human. And we select the Upper Minjiang River(UMR) as a case to explore its feasibility. The results indicate that our approach successfully recognizes the characteristics of river flow regimes in different scenarios and quantitatively separates the climate and human contributions to multi-dimensional hydrological alterations. Among these indicators, 26 of 33 indicators decrease over the past half-century(1961–2012) in the UMR, with change rates ranging from 1.3% to 33.2%, and the human impacts are the dominant factor affecting hydrological processes, with an average relative contribution rate of 58.6%. Climate change causes an increase in most indicators, with an average relative contribution rate of 41.4%. Specifically, changes in precipitation and reservoir operation may play a considerable role in inducing these alterations. The findings in this study help us better understand the response mechanism of hydrological process under changing environment and is conducive to climate change adaptation, water resource planning and ecological construction.     

中国环境犯罪的空间分布特征与机制

环境犯罪已成为涉案价值较大的世界第四大犯罪类型,对地球生态、社会等均产生深远影响,但当前关于国内各类环境犯罪的宏观空间特征与机制仍不明确.该文基于中国裁判文书数据,对2014-2019年中国环境犯罪的省域空间分布格局及其形成机制进行研究,结果表明:1)2014-2019年中国环境犯罪案件总量持续快速上升,主导类型为与林木、农用地相关的犯罪,且呈东多西少、云桂高发的稳定空间格局;2)2019年七大类及其子类(如盗伐、滥伐林木)环境犯罪的空间分布存在很大差异,凸显了进行环境犯罪分类型深入研究的必要性;3)根据省域首要环境犯罪类型,中国内地31省域可划分为6种类型,其中南方省域的首要环境犯罪普遍与林木、水产品相关,而北方省域则多与农用地、野生动物相关;4)提出解释环境犯罪空间分布的一般性框架,即"棱锥型"作用机制,涉及自然资源禀赋、地区产业结构、消费市场需求、跨区域犯罪组织、环境立法与监管五大因素.最后,探讨了未来环境犯罪研究与治理中需注意和思考的关键性问题.