Characterization of dehydration-induced luminescence of kaolinite

Dehydration-induced luminescence (DIL), the emission of light from a clay paste upon dehydration, was characterized experimentally for a colloidal kaolinite. The relationship between total photon count of the emitted light and film thickness is linear up to a thickness of 30 micrometers. The photon emission was obtained over a critical range of water contents (25-60%) of the oven-dry clay, and the kinetics of photon emission was presumed to be closely associated with the kinetics of film dehydration. Whether drying proceeded throughout the bulk or via a moving front was undetermined, but in either mode it was preceded by the formation of a thin dry film at the interface with the atmosphere. Grinding of the kaolinite for several minutes by mortar and pestle before paste preparations resulted in an overall increase of photon emission compared to unground kaolinite and in the formation of more than one emission peak, as well as a prolongation of the light emission. This effect on the kinetics of light emittance was observed for about two months after the application of the mechanical stress and suggests a means of detecting the mechanical stress history of a clay. An estimate was made of the spectral characteristics of the emitted light using optical filters and by incorporating tryptophan and salicylic acid into the kaolinite paste where they acted as fluorescent probes. The latter technique shifted the frequency of the light emitted by the kaolinite from the ultraviolet to the visible range where it was less effectively reabsorbed. The first method showed that the wavelengths of 97% of the emitted light was <460 nm and that 75% of the light had wavelengths < 410 nm. The second method showed that the total intensity of DIL increased in the presence of fluorescence molecules, suggesting that the emittance was in the ultraviolet range.     

Smectite interactions with flavomononucleotide

Adsorption isotherms and UV-visible and Mossbauer spectroscopic data point to specific interactions between flavomononucleotide (FMN) and Fe(3+)-smectite. The maximum amount of FMN adsorption was 0.3 mmole/g of Fe(3+)-smectite giving a 1:1 molar proportion of Fe3+ and FMN. The results suggest a Fe(3+)-FMN complex residing at the smectite surface. Other homoionic smectites (Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ca2+) exhibited lower levels of adsorption and less apparent specific interaction.     

南北地震带上的钻孔应力-应变观测

回顾了我国运用钻孔应力-应变手段在南北地震带上进行地震观测、预报的实践。第一代钻孔应力观测仪器，在南北地震带的北段和南段，都记录到了很有价值的与构造运动以及地震有关的心力变化，但是观测工作中还存在诸多问题；第二代钻孔应变观测仪器，精度大大提高，除记录到一些地震趋势前兆变化外，还记录到可靠的短临变化，在地震预报中显示了一定的有效性。在南北带未来的观测和震情跟踪工作中．除改进标定方法以进行定量研究外．更应该注意观测效果对比，用实验场或母子台的方式建立小间距台网．以取得可对比的资料。     

用钻孔应变资料反演同震应力触发断层活动

沿着同震应力触发的思路,提出了利用钻孔应变观测记录的同震应变阶反演同震应力触发断层活动的方法. 这种反演是在对当地断层活动有比较清楚的了解的基础上,依据位错理论进行的. 用遗传算法进行这种反演可以在进行全局搜索的同时大大提高计算效率. 对算法和程序的有效性检验以及对各影响参数的分析,可以进一步保证反演结果的可靠性. 考虑到实际地质构造的复杂性,这样的反演结果可能反映的是当地被触发的断层活动的主要影响或综合效果. 作为尝试,对昆仑山口西MＳ8.1地震触发的北京地区断层活动进行了反演.      

Evaluating ecological quality in the north-eastern Black Sea coastal zone

Anthropogenic pressures have resulted in measurable impacts on the coastal ecosystems of the northern (Sevastopol Bay, Ukraine) and eastern (Batumi aquatoria, Georgia) Black Sea. Indices suggest that major impacts are relatively localized and are comparable to similar situations in the northern Atlantic. In contrast, biodiversity was appreciably lower than from comparable north Atlantic waters. The number of macrobenthic species was typically round 50, less than half the number that might be expected from similar exercises in US or European waters. Site-specific indices likewise indicated a somewhat lower diversity within communities, yielding metrics which would indicate a measure of stress in N. Atlantic situations. Microbial status was generally good, although regions close to urbanisation did not comply with standards laid down in the current EC Bathing Water Directive (76/EC/160). Likewise viruses were more commonly, although not exclusively, associated with urban locations, as were phages. Microbial investigation of the sediments confirmed the presence of heterotrophic and oil-oxidising bacteria. Abundance of the latter was closely correlated to the degree of oil contamination of the sediments, and to temperature, although for both, the results showed that the increase in bacterial abundance did level off beyond a certain point. Numbers of oil-oxidising bacteria in the water column displayed a classical response to temperature, with abundance doubling over a 10-degree C rise in temperature. Overall the results suggest that while indices in current use are useful in evaluating coastal quality in the Black Sea, some adjustments would be necessary especially in the establishment of baseline or reference values.     

用小波分析方法检验强震“前驱波”

1974年,金森博雄(Kanamori)首先在距震中近万千米的美国加州帕萨迪纳(Pasadena)地震台长周期地震仪记录中发现,1960年5月22日智利8.3级大地震前15分钟有振荡周期为300～600s的长周期波,称为"前驱波".此后,一些地震工作者对"前驱波"展开了研究与讨论.各种讨论"前驱波"的文献给出了震前多种观测仪器记录的"前驱波"图像.     

开辟应变地震学新领域的实验研究

之前的观测实验证明,YRY-4型四元件钻孔应变仪不仅可用于长周期变化观测,也可用于短周期的地震波记录。因为它与传统地震仪的观测对象不同,前者是张量,后者是矢量,所以能获得新的信息。在忻州开展的应变地震波观测实验,是一系列相关实验中的关键一环。实验拟选择现有忻州地区工作状况良好的5个四元件钻孔应变观测点,将观测采样率提高到100sps,除保证正常地震前兆观测外,对地震波进行记录。在此基础上,研究用钻孔应变观测资料解决:确定地震三要素、说明各种地震波的应变性质、识别主要震相以及求震源机制解的问题。该研究不但有实际的应用前景,而且有重要的理论意义。     

储量估算原理

最近刊载的ＳＰＥ和ＷＰＣ关于拟定储量定义的讨论文章,已明显注意到建立确定性储量估算方法与概率法储量估算方法之间关系的困难,虽然在涉及到这两种方法的优缺点时,又重新引起了争论,但是最根本的问题,是对上述两种储量估算方法中的“盈余”（或风险）和“最佳估算”（或不确定性）之间认识上存在分歧。目前ＳＰＥ的储量定义是基于盈余原理,即证实储量是“相发有把握的”,概算储量与证实储量相比是“不大有把握的”并用由于     

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