用钻孔体应变资料检测地球球型振荡的数据处理方法

利用宽城台TJ式体应变资料,用三种不同的数据处理方法对苏门答腊地震的观测应变数据进行去固体潮和滤波消噪处理,检测到地球球型振荡,并识别出球型振荡0S3～0S26基频振型。然后与另一种没经过去固体潮和滤波消噪的方法识别的球型振荡进行对比,发现用这四种不同方法得到的球型振荡的每一振型的周期完全相等,振幅的差别比较小,反映了宽城台钻孔体应变仪的观测资料受固体潮和噪声的影响比较小。     

An approach to the intercalibration of benthic ecological status assessment in the North Atlantic ecoregion, according to the European Water Framework Directive

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a framework for the protection and improvement of transitional and coastal waters; its final objective is to achieve at least 'good water status' for all waters, by 2015. The WFD requires Member States (MSs) to assess the Ecological Status (ES) of water bodies. This assessment will be based upon the status of the biological, hydromorphological and physico-chemical quality elements, by comparing data obtained from monitoring networks to reference (undisturbed) conditions, and then deriving an Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR). One of the biological quality elements to be considered is the benthic invertebrate component and some structural parameters (composition, diversity and disturbance-sensitive taxa) must be included in the ES assessment. Following these criteria, several approaches to benthic invertebrate assessment have been proposed by MSs. The WFD requires that these approaches are intercalibrated. This contribution describes the comparison of the different methodologies proposed by United Kingdom, Spain, Denmark and Norway. Results show a high consistency between the approaches, both with regard to determining the EQR and boundary settings for the ES.     

四分量钻孔应变观测的实地绝对标定

钻孔应变观测的实地标定问题有二层涵义: 在第一个层面上, 可以认为实地标定是相对室内标定而言的, 是对仪器(元件)灵敏度的标定, 称为相对标定; 在第二个层面上, 由测值换算出孔径相对变化以后, 还要利用理论固体潮等依据对与钻孔周围介质的弹性有关的参数进行标定, 从而给出应变变化, 称为绝对标定。 文中提出了四分量钻孔应变观测的绝对标定的新方法, 并以昌平台RZB-1型钻孔应变观测为例进行实际应用, 取得了相当好的结果。     

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Evaluation of stony coral indicators for coral reef management

Colonies of reef-building stony corals at 57 stations around St. Croix, US Virgin Islands were characterized by species, size and percentage of living tissue. Taxonomic, biological and physical indicators of coral condition were derived from these measurements and assessed for their response to gradients of human disturbance—a requirement for indicators used in regulatory assessments under authority of the Clean Water Act. At the most intensely disturbed location, five of eight primary indicators were highly correlated with distance from the source of disturbance: Coral taxa richness, average colony size, the coefficient of variation of colony size, total topographic coral surface area, and live coral surface area. An additional set of exploratory indicators related to rarity, reproductive and spawning mode and taxonomic identity were also screened. The primary indicators demonstrated sufficient precision to detect levels of change that would be applicable in a regional-scale regulatory program.     

用应变地震观测求解震源矩张量的基本原理

震源机制解,即对地震矩张量的推断,对于地震研究具有至关重要的意义.应变地震观测是张量观测,与摆式地震仪的位移矢量观测不同,可以为地震研究提供新的数据源.本文讨论用应变地震观测求解震源矩张量的基本原理.在距离震源足够远的地方,地震波可以看成平面波,其性质决定于震源矩张量.假设平面地震波的应变张量可以由震源矩张量通过坐标变换计算得到,就可以通过观测应变地震波求解震源机制.这个假设至少对于双力偶震源机制是成立的.由此可以证明,在理想的无限介质中,只要有两个以上不同地点的应变地震波观测,就可以解出震源矩张量.这为解决震源机制问题提供了新的方法.目前的地震矩张量求解方法需要两方面的条件：或者需要很多观测点（例如体波反演）,或者需要长周期地震波资料（例如面波反演）.这些方法只适用于分析比较大的地震.对于小震,因为通常其震中周围不会有足够多的摆式地震仪观测点观测到其地震波,而地震波周期又短,难以利用传统方法给出可靠的震源机制解,所以只需少数观测点就能求解震源矩张量的新方法特别有意义.用应变地震观测求解震源机制,可以给出更为精确的结果.

     

倾斜观测载荷干扰源最小"安静"距离理论分析

作为一种高精度的形变观测,钻孔倾斜观测点必须尽可能避开干扰源。河流、湖泊、仓库(货场、列车编组站)和铁路,是几种主要的影响钻孔倾斜观测的地面载荷变化干扰源。中对这些地面载荷变化干扰影响分别建立了不同的模型,提出了针对一定的干扰限定指标,估计观测点到干扰源的最小“安静”距离的方法。