Approximate solution for solute transport during spherical-flow push-pull tests

An approximate analytical solution to the advection-dispersion equation was derived to describe solute transport during spherical-flow conditions in single-well push-pull tests. The spherical-flow case may be applicable to aquifer tests conducted in packed intervals or partially penetrating wells. Using results of two-dimensional numerical simulations, we briefly illustrate the applicability of the derived spherical-flow solution and provide a comparison with its cylindrical-flow counterpart. Good agreement between simulated extraction-phase breakthrough curves and the spherical-flow solution was found when the length of the injection/extraction region was small compared to both aquifer thickness and maximum solute frontal position at the end of the injection phase. On the other hand, discrepancies between simulated breakthrough curves and the spherical-flow solution increased with increasing anisotropy in hydraulic conductivities. Several inherent limitations embedded in its derivation such as assumptions of isotropy and homogeneity warrant the cautious use of the spherical-flow solution.     

海洋的作用与海洋科学面临的挑战

近若干年来,世界已经历了惊人的变化: ·经济实力(而不是军事威力)正迅速地转变为确保国家未来的安全和国民健康的原动力; ·技术的进步正在加速进行,大大超过了决策者对技术进步效果价值认识的步伐; ·全球增温和气候变化的潜在威胁已成为那些确定国家科研日程的人们的主导思想; ·绝大多数的公共教育体系正迅速地丧失对准备改变新世界秩序的儿童的竞争力;     

The discovery of a new infrared emission feature at 1905 wavenumbers (5.25 microns) in the spectrum of BD +30 degrees 3639 and its relation to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon model

We have discovered a new IR emission feature at 1905 cm-1 (5.25 microns) in the spectrum of BD +30 degrees 3639. This feature joins the family of well-known IR emission features at 3040, 2940, 1750, 1610, "1310," 1160, and 890 cm-1 (3.3, 3.4, 5.7, 6.2, "7.7," 8.6, and 11.2 microns). The origin of this new feature is discussed and it is assigned to an overtone or combination band involving C-H bending modes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Laboratory work suggests that spectral studies of the 2000-1650 cm-1 (5.0-6.1 microns) region may be very useful in elucidating the molecular structure of interstellar PAHs. The new feature, in conjunction with other recently discovered spectral structure, suggests that the narrow IR emission features originate in PAH molecules rather than large carbon grains. Larger species are likely to be the source of the broad underlying "plateaus" seen in many of the spectra.     

An investigation into the removal of oil from rock utilising magnetic particle technology

The application of magnetic particle technology to environmental remediation has tended to focus, up to now, upon the removal of oil contamination from plumage and fur. The present research demonstrates the potential of this technology to remove oil contamination from the surface of rock. Specifically, a single treatment has been demonstrated to remove more than 80% by weight of heavy bunker oil from the surface of a common foreshore rock type. A further three treatments have been shown to result in an optimum removal of up to 94% by weight. The results are highly reproducible and offer the possibility of achieving up to 100% removal with the appropriate use of pre-conditioners.     

Distribution of contaminants in biota and sediments in the Musquash Estuary, Atlantic Canada, marine protected area site initiative and contaminant exclusion zone

The Musquash Estuary, one of the last ecologically intact estuaries in New Brunswick, has been designated an area of interest for a marine protected area (MPA) under the Oceans Act. The area has been assessed for contaminant background levels as required for establishing MPA environmental quality. American lobster (Homarus americanus), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and sediments were collected for assessing contaminant levels and distribution in the harbour. Levels of contaminants from the indicator species and the abiotic component have shown: (1) two extremes of high and low Cu and Ag in lobster from the area; and (2) lower metal levels in inner Musquash Harbour sediments and mussels than in those from the harbour mouth. These suggest that deposition of contaminants into the Musquash MPA site was due to transport of contaminants by coastal currents from upstream coastal industrial activities. This reverse trend with higher contaminant levels in the biotic and abiotic components in the outer harbour than in the inner harbour differs from a contaminated harbour and suggests that a contaminant exclusion zone should be considered for controlling contamination from nearby coastal and estuarine industrial sites to protect the sensitive habitats within the marine protected area.     

The cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) and enigmatic seabed mounds along the north-east Atlantic margin: are they related?

In this study, an updated distribution of Lophelia pertusa between the Porcupine Seabight and Norwegian shelf is presented. It seems unlikely that enigmatic mound structures observed at water depths of more than 570 m during acoustic seabed surveys, particularly to the west of the Shetland Islands, are related to the occurrence of L. pertusa. At these depths in the Faroe-Shetland Channel, the predominant influence of cold Arctic water precludes its growth. Iceberg dumpsites are also considered unlikely explanations for the origin of these mounds, and they are interpreted as most likely to be related to the release of fluids at the seabed. When mound structures were investigated, no scleractinian corals were recovered at water depths >500 m. This study shows the importance of seabed temperature as an environmental control on cold-water coral distribution. The significance of cold-water coral habitats in sustaining high levels of local-scale biodiversity is now becoming apparent in parallel with increased hydrocarbon extraction and fishing activity beyond the shelf edge. There is growing evidence that these areas have been marked by the passage of deep-water trawls. It seems likely that trawling activity has already reduced the extent of cold-water coral distribution in this region of the north-east Atlantic.     

Bearing the burden of boat harbours: heavy contaminant and fouling loads in a native habitat-forming alga

Boat harbours are an increasingly common form of artificial habitat. This paper presents a comparative study of contaminants and foulers of a habitat-forming native kelp (Saccharina latissima) in four marinas and four reference locations along the south-west coast of the UK. Fouling of algal laminae was light (<2% cover) in reference locations, while epibiota cover ranged from 25% to 80% of laminae in marinas. Metals associated with antifouling paints were up to six times more concentrated in algal tissues from marinas than from the reference locations. Marinas also carried the greatest cover and diversity of non-indigenous epibiota on the kelp laminae. This indicates not only a potential stress to kelps in these environments, but also the possibility that detached laminae will act as vectors for the dispersal of non-indigenous species. The development of boat harbours creates habitats that are high risk source localities for pollution-tolerant fouling organisms.     

瀑布沟水库区域小震重新定位与地震性质研究

利用双差定位法对瀑布沟水库及邻区1 834次小震进行了重新定位,并对距水库水域最近的2个小震集中区的地震性质进行了分析。重新定位后得到1 708次小震结果,定位残差由原来的0.93s降为0.21s,水平向估算误差平均为0.6km,垂直向估算误差平均为2.9km; 平面空间分布显示,重新定位地震主要分布在研究区的西南(A区)、库中区(C区)和水库大坝附近(D区); A区小震密集与其处于鲜水河断裂中南段、安宁河北段和大凉山断裂北段交会区的特殊地理位置有关。C,D区高度集中分布的小震与水库蓄水无关,属于各种建设施工造成的爆破地震。     

瀑布沟库区地震活动及应力场特征

通过对瀑布沟水库和成都数字遥测地震台网记录的波形数据的研究发现,四川瀑布沟水库库区大量的所谓小震活动皆是爆破成因,从而改变了此前对该库区蓄水前地震活动密集,蓄水后地震活动骤然平静的认识。2009 年11 月水库蓄水后在蓄水区域周边10km 范围内仅发生ML1. 5 以上地震1 次,即2010 年8 月8 日ML1. 7 地震,蓄水前后小震稀少。水库西侧的2 个地震密集区的走滑型地震占较大比例,区域主压应力为NWW 向。水库东、北部区域的地震震源机制解呈多种类型。瀑布沟水库区小震活动总体受区域应力场控制,NWW 向近水平主压应力有利于库区NNW 向中小断裂发生走滑型错动。