平面Radon变换的反演公式

本文借助球面平均法和Ｈｉｌｂｅｒｔ空间算子理论,给出了平面上Ｒａｄｏｎ变换的反演公式,此公式是具体的、构造性的,便于数值计算,或者进一步探讨重建图象的性质。     

综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）发现诱发地震断层演变过程新证据

在2009年8月16日的网络版《自然-地球科学》（Nature Geosciences）上刊登了来自德国不莱梅大学的Michael Strasser与来自美国、日本、中国、法国和德国的研究者合作撰写的一篇有关地震诱发机制的论文。     

陕甘宁盆地北部下白垩统潜水氧化带型铀矿成矿远景研究

陕甘宁盆地的北部下白垩统出露相当广泛,下白垩经沉积之后,伴随有大面积的竽隆升,根据沉积地层的岩性岩相特征、新构造运动的表现形式,可以区分出Ｋ２－Ｅ２以及Ｎ１－现代两个主要的氧化剥蚀作用期,在这两个氧化剥蚀作用期间,产生了大规模的面状氧化作用,有意思的是根据石油钻孔的ｒ测井资料和实地调研证实：这种氧化作用所形成的潜水氧化带都与铀矿化有关,同时,现代陕甘宁盆地北部所呈现出的高原型自治水盆地的水动力特征,暗示出在陕甘盆地的北部下白垩统中浅部层位（一般）〉２００ｍ）中的铀矿化以潜水氧化带型为主。     

2015年固体地球科学发展态势概览

随着人类对自然界认识和开发利用的不断深入,地球科学的重要性日益凸显,已成为妥善解决人类经济社会发展面临的能源安全、资源安全、气候变化、生态环境、城镇化等一系列挑战的重要基础。本文主要基于对2015年国际地球科学领域的重要科学战略规划、重要科技进展和重要科技文献等反映的科学研究发展动态的系统监测和整理,遴选并总结了2015年固体地球科学领域的主要科学前沿问题和科技发展态势,以供读者参阅。     

Static and push-pull methods using radon-222 to characterize dense nonaqueous phase liquid saturations

Naturally occurring radon in ground water can potentially be used as an in situ partitioning tracer to characterize dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) saturations. The static method involves comparing radon concentrations in water samples from DNAPL-contaminated and noncontaminated portions of an aquifer, while the push-pull method involves the injection (push) and extraction (pull) of a radon-free test solution from a single well. In the presence of DNAPL, radon concentrations during the pull phase are retarded, with retardation manifested in greater dispersion of radon concentrations relative to a conservative tracer. The utility of these methods was investigated in the laboratory using a physical aquifer model (PAM). Static and push-pull tests were performed before and after contamination of the PAM sediment pack with trichloroethene (TCE), and after alcohol cosolvent flushing and pump-and-treat remediation. Numerical simulations were used to estimate the retardation factor for radon in push-pull tests. Radon partitioning was observed in static and push-pull tests conducted after TCE contamination. Calculated TCE saturations ranged up to 1.4% (static test) and 14.1% (push-pull test). Post-remediation tests showed decreases in TCE saturations. The results show that radon is sensitive to changes in DNAPL saturation in space and time. However, the methods are sensitive to DNAPL saturation heterogeneity, test location, sample size, and test design. The influence of these factors on test results, as well as the apparent overestimation of the retardation factor in push-pull tests, warrant further investigation.     

Selection of bioindicators for monitoring marine environmental quality in the Bay of Fundy,Atlantic Canada

Distribution of metals, PAH's and PCB's in lobsters, mussels, and sediments were used to assess marine environmental quality of the Bay of Fundy. This study demonstrates that the lobster (Homarus americanus) is a better bioindicator for monitoring contaminants in the marine environment and has a greater capacity for the uptake and accumulation of contaminants than the mussel (Mytilus edulis) and sediments. A definite pattern in the spatial distribution of lobster Cu, Cd, and Ag was evident. The distribution of organic contaminants for both mussels and lobsters in the Bay of Fundy lacked a spatial trend, and organic contaminants were undetectable in sediments from all sites. The Gulf Watch Programme, which monitors chemicals in mussels in the Bay of Fundy, did not indicate a problem with high levels of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the ecosystem. Analytes below the detection limit, such as in mussels and sediments, increase the difficulties of chemical analysis and detection for environmental monitoring. Deficiencies of mussels in monitoring the Bay of Fundy were discussed.     

墨西哥奇瓦瓦州Sierra Pena Blanca地区火山成因铀矿化：3种成因模式

ＳｉｅｒｒａＰｅｎａＢｌａｎｃａ地区是与火山岩有铀矿床的一个明显实例。在该地区，火山岩既是矿床的主岩，又是铀源层。矿化主要产于新生代火山堆积体下部层位，此堆积体覆盖在中生界钙质基底之上，已确定有３种成因类型的铀矿化：热液型：大气降水－喷气混合型；表生型，相应的代表性矿床为：Ｎｏｐａｌ１号矿床；ＬａｓＭａｒｇａｒｉｔａｓ矿床以及Ｐｕｅｒｔｏ３号矿床。     

Assessment of variables controlling nitrate dynamics in groundwater: is it a threat to surface aquatic ecosystems?

The impact of fertilised cropping on nitrate-N dynamics in groundwater (GW) was assessed in a catchment from piezometers installed: (i) to different depths, (ii) in different soil types, (iii) on different positions on landscape, and (iv) compared with the Australian and New Zealand Environmental and Conservation Council guideline values provided for different aquatic ecosystems. The GW and NO(3)-N concentration dynamics were monitored in 39 piezometer wells, installed to 5-90 m depth, under fertilized sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum-S) in the Johnstone River Catchment, Australia, from 1999 January through September 2002. The median nitrate-N concentration ranged from 14 to 1511 microg L(-1), and the 80th percentile from 0 to 1341 microg L(-1). In 34 out of the 39 piezometer wells the 80th percentile or 80% of the nitrate-N values were higher than 30 microg L(-1), which is the maximum trigger value provided in the ANZECC table for sustainable health of different aquatic ecosystems. Nitrate-N concentration decreased with increasing well depth, increasing depth of water in wells, and with decreasing relief on landscape. Nitrate-N was higher in alluvial soil profiles than on those formed in-situ. Nitrate-N increased with increasing rainfall at the beginning of the rainy season, fluctuated during the peak rainy period, and then decreased when the rain ceased. The rapid decrease in GW after the rains ceased suggested potential existed for nitrate-N to be discharged as lateral-flow into streams. This may contribute towards the deterioration in the health of down-stream aquatic ecosystems.     

Assessing background ground water chemistry beneath a new unsewered subdivision

Previous site-specific studies designed to assess the impacts of unsewered subdivisions on ground water quality have relied on upgradient monitoring wells or very limited background data to characterize conditions prior to development. In this study, an extensive monitoring program was designed to document ground water conditions prior to construction of a rural subdivision in south-central Wisconsin. Previous agricultural land use has impacted ground water quality; concentrations of chloride, nitrate-nitrogen, and atrazine ranged from below the level of detection to 296 mg/L, 36 mg/L, and 0.8 microg/L, respectively, and were highly variable from well to well and through time. Seasonal variations in recharge, surface topography, aquifer heterogeneities, surficial loading patterns, and well casing depth explain observed variations in ground water chemistry. This variability would not have been detected if background conditions were determined from only a few monitoring wells or inferred from wells located upgradient of the subdivision site. This project demonstrates the importance of characterizing both ground water quality and chemical variability prior to land-use change to detect any changes once homes are constructed.