鄂尔多斯盆地南缘店头铀矿床矿化特征及其与东胜铀矿床对比

店头铀矿床是产于中侏罗统直罗组下岩性段顶部褪色蚀变带与灰色砂岩过渡部位的砂岩型铀矿,矿化严格受褪色蚀变带与灰色岩石界线的控制,矿体形态呈似层状,矿石中铀矿物主要为铀石,并出现一套黄铁矿-黄铜矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿低温热液矿物组合,同时发现少量硒铅矿。铀成矿年龄为98～110Ma1,41.8±9.3Ma,51.0±5.8Ma。通过对店头铀矿床与东胜铀矿床主要特征研究,店头铀矿床的铀成矿地质背景和铀矿化特征与东胜铀矿床较为相似,两个矿床可以对比。但也存在较为明显的差异,店头铀矿床岩石成岩程度较高,东胜铀矿床则较低;店头铀矿床油气显示以中质油为主,而东胜铀矿床以天然气为主。店头铀矿床同东胜铀矿床主要形成于盆地由成盆坳陷向隆升剥蚀转变的过程中(K1末—N2),铀成矿作用由早期渗入层间氧化或层间—潜水氧化作用为主导,转变为晚期深部渗出的含油、气低温热液与地表渗入含氧含铀水相互作用改造、叠加富集铀成矿作用。第三纪晚期之后不再有新的铀矿物生成,主要存在逸散油、气的还原保矿作用。     

An experimental investigation of nitrogen gas produced during denitrification

In situ denitrification relies on indigenous microorganisms to reduce nitrate to N(2) gas. However, when initial nitrate concentrations are large, produced gas volumes also can be very large, potentially resulting in reduced water saturation and hydraulic conductivity in the treatment zone. In this study, we investigated the fate of N(2) and other gases produced during denitrification in a laboratory flow cell containing packed sediment. Denitrifying activity was stimulated by additions of nitrate and ethanol. Microbial activity was monitored by measuring nitrate, nitrite, and ethanol concentrations; gas saturations were measured during the experiment using a gamma imaging system. Biomass was measured using phospholipid fatty acid analysis of sediment samples. Bioenergetic calculations calibrated to measured nitrate consumed and biomass produced predicted that 1.2 L N(2) gas/L water should have been produced following the addition of 100 mM nitrate. However, the maximum measured gas saturation was only 23%, indicating substantial gas loss from the sediment pack. Temporal gamma images and visual observations confirm that small gas bubbles formed in the sediment pack coalesced into larger bubbles and migrated upward through gas-filled channels to the sediment pack surface. Although gas saturations increased, there was no significant change in sediment pack hydraulic conductivity. These results suggest that in permeable reactive barriers used for in situ denitrification, gas production will not necessarily lead to unlimited gas accumulation in the pore space and that the effects of gas production on water saturation and hydraulic conductivity may be relatively minor.     

Models to determine first-order rate coefficients from single-well push-pull tests

Push-pull tests (PPTs) have been successfully employed to quantify various microbially mediated processes in the subsurface. Current models for determining first-order rate coefficients (k) from PPTs assume complete and instantaneous mixing of injected test solution in the portion of the aquifer investigated by the test, i.e., the system is treated like a well-mixed reactor. Here we present two alternative models to estimate k that are based on different mixing assumptions, i.e., plug-flow and variably mixed reactor models. Rate coefficients estimated by the models were compared using a sensitivity analysis and numerical simulations of PPTs. Results indicated that all models yielded reasonably accurate k estimates (errors < 13%), while best accuracy (errors < 1%) was obtained using the variably mixed reactor model. The well-mixed reactor model generally overestimated true (simulation input) k values, whereas true k values were consistently underestimated by the plug-flow reactor model. However, estimates of k obtained with the latter models bracketed true k values in all cases. As the variably mixed reactor model is more difficult to apply, we suggest using the well-mixed and plug-flow reactor models to obtain intervals for k estimates that will encompass true k values with high certainty. In an example application, we used all models to reanalyze a published PPT data set to obtain k estimates for nitrate consumption in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. Similar results were obtained for all three models (relative differences < 10% between k estimates), indicating that all three models are robust tools for estimating k values from PPT experimental data.     

风玫瑰图和风速直方图的制作

通过office办公软件的现有功能,利用WORD（EXCEL）文档快速制作风玫瑰图;风速直方图,解决手工制作精度不高和安装软件的麻烦,提高效率,满足社会各方面的需求。     

约旦南部瓦迪巴希亚地区铀矿化地球物理特征

通过对瓦迪巴希亚（Wadi Bahiya）地区开展地质调查、岩石取样分析以及地面γ能谱测量等综合研究,认为研究区铀矿化主要产于上白垩统—古新统MCM组近地表风化破碎的灰褐色砂土状泥灰岩之中,矿化类型为现代氧化作用成因的钙结岩型,研究区γ能谱测量铀质量分数平面特征表现为异常规模小,晕圈梯度变化大,深部揭露表明,自近地表向深部铀质量分数逐渐降低,岩石取样分析结果与γ能谱测量具有对应性,铀矿化主要位于地表以下0.5～1.5m的范围内。     

Monitoring regional groundwater extraction: the problem

As hydraulic disturbances (signals) are propagated through a groundwater system two things happen: (1) the higher frequencies in the disturbance are filtered out by the physics of the system and (2) the disturbance takes time to propagate through the system. The filtering and time delays depend on the aquifer diffusivity. This means, for example, if one is observing a water table aquifer at some distance from where annual recharge is occurring, only the long-term average effect of the recharge will be transmitted to the observation point--the system filters out annual variations. These facts have profound impacts on what is feasible to monitor. For example, if one is concerned about the impact of pumping on a spring in a water table aquifer, where the pumping is more than 20 miles or so from the spring, there will be a long delay before the pumping impacts the spring and there will be an equally long delay before a long-term reduction in the pumping regime will restore the spring. The filtering by lower diffusivity groundwater systems makes it impossible to discriminate between the impacts of several major pumpers in the system and/or long-term climate changes.     

Estimating aquifer properties from the water level response to Earth tides

Water level fluctuations induced by tidal strains can be analyzed to estimate the elastic properties, porosity, and transmissivity of the surrounding aquifer material. We review underutilized methods for estimating aquifer properties from the confined response to earth tides. The earth tide analyses are applied to an open well penetrating a confined carbonate aquifer. The resulting range of elastic and hydraulic aquifer properties are in general agreement with that determined by other investigators for the area of the well. The analyses indicate that passive monitoring data from wells completed in sufficiently stiff, low porosity formations can provide useful information on the properties of the surrounding formation.     

Biological responses to contaminants in the Humber Estuary: disentangling complex relationships

Due to the ecological importance of estuaries, it is necessary to understand the biological effects that potentially toxic contaminants induce in bioindicator species. A key aspect is whether effects at lower levels of biological organisation transfer through the system to higher levels. In understanding such processes, characterising multivariate relationships between contaminants, sediment toxicities and detoxification processes are important. Worms (Hediste diversicolor) and sediments were collected along the Humber Estuary, England, and inorganic and organic contaminants were quantified. Sediment toxicities and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) activity in the ragworm were analysed. Concentrations of metals were highest near urban and industrial areas, whereas organic contaminants appeared at upstream locations. GST activity correlated with heavy metals. The genotoxicity, oestrogenicity, dioxin and dioxin-like activity were higher at upstream locations. Oestrogenicity correlated with alkylphenols and some organochlorines, whilst genotoxicity correlated with organochlorines and heavy metals. Despite this, higher level biological responses could not be predicted, indicating that homeostasis is operating.     

Feeding the family during times of stress: experience and determinants of food insecurity in an Inuit community

This paper uses a mixed methods approach to characterise the experience of food insecurity among Inuit community members in Igloolik, Nunavut, and examine the conditions and processes that constrain access, availability, and quality of food. We conducted semi-structured interviews (n= 66) and focus groups (n= 10) with community members, and key informant interviews with local and territorial health professionals and policymakers (n= 19). The study indicates widespread experience of food insecurity. Even individuals and households who were food secure at the time of the research had experienced food insecurity in the recent past, with food insecurity largely transitory in nature. Multiple determinants of food insecurity operating over different spatial-temporal scales are identified, including food affordability and budgeting, food knowledge and preferences, food quality and availability, environmental stress, declining hunting activity, and the cost of harvesting. These determinants are operating in the context of changing livelihoods and climate change, which in many cases are exacerbating food insecurity, although high-order manifestations of food insecurity (that is, starvation) are no longer experienced.     

“我们的海洋”行动计划确定4大关键领域

正2014年6月17日,"我们的海洋"大会宣布了新的合作关系和倡议,最终形成"我们的海洋"行动计划(Our Ocean Action Plan)。主要涉及可持续的渔业、海洋污染、海洋酸化和海洋保护等内容。(1)可持续的渔业。①到2020年彻底结束海洋渔业的过度捕捞:基于有效的科学理论,设定渔业规则;发展公平合理和透明的规程,以分配渔业权利;利用各种可获取的技术来强化渔业执法,对违规者进行惩罚;到2020年,消除渔业补贴,这些补贴促使渔业船只的生产能力过剩;要求渔业船只采用相关技术减少其