The Southwest Indian Ridge: Remelting the Gondwanan Mantle

<正>The Southwest Indian Ridge is an ultraslow spreading ridge(~14-mm/yr)that formed~150 Ma with the breakup of Gondwana.It extends 7700 km from the Bouvet to the Rodriguez Triple Junction,crossing over the flank of the large southern Geoid high centered over Marion and Crozet islands and the Conrad Rise.There is a     

Use of composite data sets for source-tracking enterococci in the water column and shoreline interstitial waters on Pensacola Beach, Florida

Sources of Enterococcus faecalis isolates from Pensacola Beach, FL. were identified using a library-based approach by applying the statistical method of average similarity to single and composite data sets generated from separate analyses. Data sets included antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA), rep-fingerprints, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Use of a composite data set composed of ARA and rep-fingerprints, added to the confidence of the identifications. The addition of FAME data to composite data sets did not add to the confidence of identifications. Source identification was performed to better understand risk associated with higher densities of enterococci found in swash zone interstitial water (SZIW) as compared to adjacent bathing water on Pensacola Beach, FL. The "swash zone" is that area of the beach continually washed over by waves. As the potential sources of enterococci were limited in this environment, only two library units, sea gull and human, were constructed. Identification of the beach isolates using a composite data set indicated a sea gull origin. The clonality of the beach isolates suggested that the beach environment selects certain subspecies of E. faecalis.     

地球形成和演化过程中的分异能计算方法研究

地球形成初期,构成地球的物质在组成上是大致均一的.目前地球的地核-地幔-地壳圈层结构,是由分异作用形成的.分异过程释放的能量称为分异能.Sorokhtin和Chilingarian等人从行星吸积的定义出发,导出了基于地球内部密度分布的势能计算公式,计算出的分异能大小为1.698×1031J.本文采用计算球体势能的思路,导出分异能计算的解析公式和数值计算公式,通过求取原始地球模型与均匀分层模型、PREM模型的势能差计算分异能.两种方法的计算结果分别为1.535×1031J和1.698×1031J.前者与Sorokhtin等的结果相近,后者与之相同.本文初步分析了方法间的异同以及造成结果偏差的主要原因.     

强磁性体ΔT异常计算的误差分析研究

本文主要针对当前磁法勘探中高精度处理解释的需求,对强磁性体ΔT异常计算存在的误差进行分析研究.我们首先通过理论模型计算试验,证明常规计算采用的投影关系的ΔT与实际测量的模量差ΔT之间的误差E在磁异常幅值大时是明显存在的,其影响不容忽视.其次,当磁性强且剩磁存在时,投影ΔT曲线及其误差曲线在磁化方向与地磁场方向改变时具有一定的对称性;地磁场T0、磁性体形态(如二度水平圆柱体模型的半径r、柱体埋深R)和磁性参数(如磁化率κ)等参数确定的情况下,最大误差值出现在磁性体正上方,且其大小与磁性参数(κ)和模型体规模(如r/R)之间皆是指数关系;另外,研究还发现ΔT的计算误差曲线的一些其他规律特点,如在各纬度带上,ΔT计算误差的最大值Emax曲线的极值主要分布在中纬度地区;磁异常矢量Ta与地磁场T0的夹角θ逐渐变化时,随θ变化Emax曲线的极值分布在θ=90°~120°范围内;当磁异常幅值小于10000nT时,最大误差近似为磁异常矢量垂直于地磁场方向的测点附近的误差值;另外,磁性体(圆柱体为例)的半径(即尺度)与埋深的比值r/R超过0.5,且磁化率超过0.1SI时误差已达到3.9nT,磁化率增大与对应的Emax的值呈指数增长特点.因此,我们的研究表明,在强磁性体、磁异常幅值大的数据处理、反演及解释时,现有方法会产生较大的误差,应该基于严格的模量差ΔT,完善相应的处理以及反演方法.     

Groundwater biofilm dynamics grown in situ along a nutrient gradient

This paper describes the in situ response of groundwater biofilms in an alluvial gravel aquifer system on the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand. Biofilms were developed on aquifer gravel, encased in fine mesh bags and suspended in protective columns in monitoring wells for at least 20 weeks. Four sites were selected in the same groundwater system where previous analyses indicated a gradient of increasing nitrate down the hydraulic gradient from Sites 1 to 4. Measurements during the current study classified the groundwater as oligotrophic. Biofilm responses to the nutrient gradients were assessed using bioassays, with biomass determined using protein and cellular and nucleic acid staining and biofilm activity using enzyme assays for lipid, carbohydrate, phosphate metabolism, and cell viability. In general, biofilm activity decreased as nitrate levels increased from Sites 1 to 4, with the opposite relationship for carbon and phosphorus concentrations. These results showed that the groundwater system supported biofilm growth and that the upper catchment supported efficient and productive biofilms (high ratio of activity per unit biomass).     

自然电位视有效厚度预测及在油田开发中的应用

油气藏在地表产生的自然电位属于静位场, 其强度与场源量成正比, 与距离场源的半径成反比.理论研究与实践结果表明, 自然电位异常可以指示含油砂体, 圈定油气富集区.在储层套数较少的含油区可以用电位强度与视有效厚度的线性关系来预测油层厚度.卫星油田储层套数较少, 其视有效厚度可用线性方程h=-0.19x+0.74来表征, 为配合下一轮滚动开发工作, 在地质研究的基础上, 在地质研究难度较大的卫102、卫262、卫20地区应用自然电位预测有效厚度, 达到优选井位提高钻井成功率的目标.