大南湖凹陷西山窑组层间氧化带砂岩岩石化学特征

本文主要利用砂岩样品 (岩心 )的鉴定资料和分析测试数据 ,对区内层间氧化带岩石化学特征作初步研究。根据砂岩的物质组分 ,结合分选性及磨圆度等结构特征 ,与蚀源区物质构成进行对比 ,认为本区沉积物主要来自北部的南湖隆起 ,其次为南部的觉罗塔格山。通过对砂岩结构构造及填隙物含量、胶结类型的研究发现 ,砂岩的孔隙度、渗透率与体重关系密切 ,且与胶结物中碳酸盐含量高低及次生矿物种类、含量有关。统计了与水成铀成矿关系密切的C有 、CO2 、Fe、S、U、Th及伴生元素的含量 ,发现本区氧化带砂岩中这些元素含量比还原带低 ,而Fe3 /Fe2 比值氧化带比还原带高。根据可地浸砂岩型铀矿的成矿条件 ,区内砂岩的有机质含量较高 ,碳酸盐含量中等 ,有部分地段或层位碳酸盐含量较低 ,Fe、S、U、Th及伴生元素的氧化、溶解、迁移、沉淀和富集符合水成铀矿的变化规律。     

Kinetics of vitellogenin protein and mRNA induction and depuration in fish following laboratory and environmental exposure to oestrogens

Plaice, flounder and sand goby were exposed to ethynylestradiol (EE2) for 21 days and then followed for up to 31 days after removal of the oestrogen. Plasma vitellogenin (VTG) and hepatic VTG mRNA were determined in groups of fish sampled during the induction and post-exposure phases. VTG mRNA increased slightly earlier than plasma protein, but both reached maxima by 21 days. In contrast, VTG mRNA decayed much more rapidly than protein after EE2 exposure was terminated (typical values t(1/2) mRNA 3 days, protein 15-30 days). Vitellogenin and VTG mRNA thus measure different temporal events and this is illustrated by field data of male flounder in which both parameters have been determined. Few fish show co-ordinate increased VTG mRNA and vitellogenin but rather more fish have increased vitellogenin. Low level increases of VTG mRNA (5 X) is observed in some fish without increased vitellogenin and this may represent polymorphic differences between individual fish.     

Identification of transcriptional effects of ethynyl oestradiol in male plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) by suppression subtractive hybridisation and a nylon macroarray

Suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) was used to generate cDNA libraries representing genes differentially expressed in response to ethynyl oestradiol (EE2) exposure in liver from male plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) previously analysed for vitellogenin (VTG) induction. Characterisation of the cDNA clones identified many as VTG (2 genes) and zona radiata proteins (ZRP) (3 genes), but 40 encoded other proteins, with more than half cryptic. Further analysis identified 85 non-redundant clones suitable for array on nylon membrane. Radiolabelled cDNAs were prepared from hepatic mRNA from EE2 treated plaice (0 and 21 days) and hybridised with the arrayed clones. Analysis of the data showed that 11/17 novel, 21/22 VTG, 13/14 ZRP, 2/2 liver aspartic proteinase (LAP) and 8/10 other mRNAs were up-regulated by EE2 exposure.     

Oestrogenic markers and reduced population fertile egg production in a sand goby partial life-cycle test

Understanding the ecological significance of oestrogenic biomarker responses, seen in field surveys of some UK estuarine fish, requires a suitable model to link biochemical and reproductive effects. The sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) is a common inshore fish that has been successfully bred in laboratory aquaria. Juvenile sand goby were continuously exposed to 17beta-oestradiol (E2) during gonadal maturation, and their subsequent reproductive success investigated. Exposure endpoints included hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) mRNA expression and maturation (male nuptial colouration, sperm duct gland- and gonado-somatic indices (SDGSI, GSI)). Reproductive endpoints included spawning behaviour, brood size, fertility and population-level fertile egg production. Measured E2 exposure concentrations were <5 (controls), 17, 71 and 530 ngl(-1). Male maturation decreased with increasing E2 concentration. VTG mRNA expression increased with E2 concentration, but not with duration of exposure. Reproductive endpoints showed progressive impairment with increasing E2 concentration. For most endpoints, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 71 ngl(-1), and EC50s were in the range 87-165 ngl(-1). Pre-breeding male colouration, VTG expression and SDGSI were good predictors of subsequent population-level fertile egg production, but GSI was not. The sensitivity of oestrogenic markers in sand goby are comparable to those used in other species, and feral fish populations exhibiting such oestrogenic responses at molecular and organ levels are likely to have reduced fertile egg production.     

Persistence of oiling in mussel beds after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

Persistence and weathering of Exxon Valdez oil in intertidal mussel (Mytilus trossulus) beds in Prince William Sound (PWS) and along the Gulf of Alaska was monitored from 1992 to 1995. Beds with significant contamination included most previously oiled areas in PWS, particularly within the Knight Island group and the Kenai Peninsula. In sediments, yearly mean concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from < 60 micrograms/g in reference beds to 62,258 micrograms/g wet wt., or approximately 0 to 523 micrograms/g dry wt. total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAHs). In mussels, mean TPAH concentrations ranged up to 8.1 micrograms/g dry wt. Hydrocarbon concentrations declined significantly with time in some, but not all mussels and sediments, and should reach background levels within three decades of the spill in most beds. In 1995, mean hydrocarbon concentration was greater than twice background concentration in sediments from 27 of 34 sites, and in mussels from 18 of 31 sites.     

Magnetically enhanced coagulation of very small iron grains

Laboratory experiments, in which very small (approximately 20 nm) grains are produced in the presence of a magnetic field on the order of 100 Gauss in a low-pressure hydrogen atmosphere, have demonstrated that such smokes can become permanently magnetized. We show that magnetization results in an enormous enhancement in the coagulation efficiency of such materials even in the absence of external magnetic fields. Small iron grains should have been produced in the solar nebula by thermal processing of preexisting interstellar grains. If such processing occurred via high-energy electromagnetic events then the resultant magnetized grains could have triggered the formation of centimeter- to meter-sized protoplanetessimals by acting as "nets" capable of sweeping up nonconductive silicates suspended in the gas. It is possible that the presence of conductive fractal aggregates observed in modern-day protostellar disks could be explained by the enhanced coagulation efficiency of very small magnetized iron particles.     

論化学元素在地壳及其基本构造单元中的丰度

化学元素在地壳物貭中的分布,是地球化学的基本研究內容之一。地壳物貭的分布,无論沿水平方向或垂直方向都极不均匀。組成地壳物貭的化学元素,其分布同样具有极大的不均匀性。地壳的元素丰度,是指化学元素在地壳中的相对平均含量。又称地壳的克拉克值。它可用統計方法求得。     

城镇化背景下中国农区土地利用转型及其环境效应研究:进展与展望

农区是保障我国经济社会可持续发展的根基,基于土地利用转型这一独特视角前瞻性地研究城镇化进程对农区环境的影响及其调控途径意义重大。现有研究在着眼于城镇化驱动土地利用转型及其"格局—过程—效应—调控"方面的系统性分析尚显不足,未来可从宏观到中(微)观尺度、理论到实践2条研究主线协同推进相关研究。在此过程中需解决的关键问题有:土地利用隐性形态变化的定量识别与模拟,转型进程中环境效应的产生机理与调控位点,以及耦合经济与环境多重情景的土地利用转型调控机制与合理模式。未来土地利用转型及其环境效应研究应坚持综合的方向,体现多维、动态视角,探索多学科、多尺度的综合分析方法和手段,为构建农区"土地—环境—经济"协同发展的动态耦合机制、有效促进城乡一体化发展提供科学决策依据。     

第四系泥岩型生物气储层特征及动态成藏过程

第四系泥岩型生物气作为非常规油气领域一种新型的资源类型,具有巨大的资源潜力和勘探开发价值。以柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系泥岩型生物气为例,通过岩心观察、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、高压压汞、族组分分析等实验手段,分析了第四系泥岩型生物气储层特征及动态成藏过程。结果表明,第四系泥岩型生物气储层具有砂泥薄互层频繁交互、纵横向非均质性极强的特点。成岩作用处于早期阶段,R_o小于0.3%,岩石固结程度低,含贝类壳体没有石化,孔隙度普遍在20%以上,仍以微纳米孔隙为主,含极少量毫米孔隙。泥岩储层TOC极低,平均0.2%~0.4%,干酪根以Ⅲ型为主,主要成分是粗纤维,其次是半纤维素、有机氮,是第四系泥岩生气的主要母质来源。第四系泥岩型生物气为甲烷为主的干气,平均含量98.85%,地层水水型以CaCl₂型为主,酸碱度中等偏弱酸性。泥岩突破压力是甲烷滞留成藏的主要动力,低渗、富水和黏土的特征决定了泥岩具备自封闭能力。极低的气候温度、极高的水体盐度、充足的气源条件、有效的自封闭性是泥岩型生物气成藏的关键要素,以此建立了凹陷区自封闭富集带、斜坡区水封富集带、构造高点泥岩气-砂岩气叠合富集带等三种泥岩型生物气成藏模式。