美国土地管理政策演变及启示

土地资源管理政策的演变以对农地管理为主线美国土地资源管理政策自建国至今,经历了一个不断演变的过程。由于农地占美国土地的绝大部分,且农地政策的演变与非农用地政策的变化密切相关。因此,以农地管理政策的演变为主线,可将美国土地资源管理政策的变化划分为开发期、觉醒期、保护期和应变期几个阶段。建国至20世纪初的开发期(1776年至20世纪30年代)。美国独立时,国土仅从东部海岸线延伸至密西西比河,随后经过一系列殖民战争和购买,联邦政府所拥有的土地面积不断扩大。为了鼓励西部开发,1862年的宅地法免费为西部每个成年移民赠送160英亩…     

生命工程筑起千里绿色长堤

山西引黄工程无论在工程的建设方面,还是在水保工程的管理方面都取得了让国内外专家、同行业人士赞叹不已的成就.从工程建设之初就高度重视工程沿线的环境治理和保护,环境的治理和建设方面取得的成绩令人刮目相看.     

湖泊沉积物研究和利用的新见解

近几年来,苏联坚持不懈地和定向地实行自然资源合理利用和环境保护的措施。特别是湖泊天然资源的利用问题更为迫切,因为它对于发展渔业、提供动力和水源,灌溉农田以及寻找沉积矿床等具有重要的国民经济意义。在解决许多实际问题时,应用古植物学方法进行古地理研究具有重要的作用。     

紫露草对~(32)P的吸收分布及其微核效应

紫露草微核技术是目前利用生物监测环境污染的一项重要手段。它不仅被用于对大气、水体、土壤等污染的监测,而且对放射性污染的监测也十分有效。但是,迄今尚未见关于放射性物质在紫露草体内吸收分布情况及其与微核效应关系的报道;而对这一问题的研究将有助于了解紫露草花枝各部分对放射性物质的吸收性能以及与诱发紫露草花     

湿浸硫酸镍工艺中的二次浸取

湿法浸取硫酸镍工艺研究中,净化提纯工艺采取了蒸发浓缩浸液、分步沉淀杂质的技术方案。中试表明,采用此种工艺生产效率很低,还导致生产流水线上的设备匹配性差。为此,作者提出了二次浸取的技术方案。实验室及中试试验表明:采用二次浸取工艺替代蒸发浓缩工艺,行之有效。     

Mass and flux distributions from DNAPL zones in sandy aquifers

At three industrial sites in Ontario, New Hampshire, and Florida, tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), released decades ago as dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), now form persistent source zones for dissolved contaminant plumes. These zones are suspended below the water table and above the bottoms of their respective, moderately homogeneous, unconfined sandy aquifers. Exceptionally detailed, depth-discrete, ground water sampling was performed using a direct-push sampler along cross sections of the dissolved-phase plumes, immediately downgradient of these DNAPL source zones. The total plume PCE or TCE mass-discharge through each cross section ranged between 15 and 31 kg/year. Vertical ground water sample spacing as small as 15 cm and lateral spacing typically between 1 and 3 m revealed small zones where maximum concentrations were between 1% and 61% of solubility. These local maxima are surrounded by much lower concentration zones. A spacing no larger than 15 to 30 cm was needed at some locations to identify high concentration zones, and aqueous VOC concentrations varied as much as four orders of magnitude across 30 cm vertical intervals. High-resolution sampling at these sites showed that three-quarters of the mass-discharge occurs within 5% to 10% of the plume cross sectional areas. The extreme spatial variability of the mass-discharge occurs even though the sand aquifers are nearly hydraulically homogeneous. Depth-discrete field techniques such as those used in this study are essential for finding the small zones producing most of the mass-discharge, which is important for assessing natural attenuation and designing remedial options.     

Effects of water use on arsenic release to well water in a confined aquifer

Field-based experiments were designed to investigate the release of naturally occurring, low to moderate (< 50 microg/L) arsenic concentrations to well water in a confined sandstone aquifer in northeastern Wisconsin. Geologic, geochemical, and hydrogeologic data collected from a 115 m2 site demonstrate that arsenic concentrations in ground water are heterogeneous at the scale of the field site, and that the distribution of arsenic in ground water correlates to solid-phase arsenic in aquifer materials. Arsenic concentrations in a test well varied from 1.8 to 22 microg/L during experiments conducted under no, low, and high pumping rates. The quality of ground water consumed from wells under typical domestic water use patterns differs from that of ground water in the aquifer because of reactions that occur within the well. Redox conditions in the well can change rapidly in response to ground water withdrawals. The well borehole is an environment conducive to microbiological growth, and biogeochemical reactions also affect borehole chemistry. While oxidation of sulfide minerals appears to release arsenic to ground water in zones within the aquifer, reduction of arsenic-bearing iron (hydr)oxides is a likely mechanism of arsenic release to water having a long residence time in the well borehole.     

Two-stage aquifer pumping subject to slow desorption and persistent sources

This work focuses on improving pump-and-treat remediation by optimizing a two-stage operational scheme to reduce volumes extracted when confronted with nonequilibrium desorption, low-permeability units, and continuous contaminant sources such as non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Q1 and Q2 are the initial short-term high pumping rate and later long-term low pumping rate, respectively. A two-dimensional ground water flow and transport management model was used to test the proposed strategy for plumes developed from finite (NAPL-free) and continuous (NAPL-driven) contaminant sources in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous (zoned) aquifers. Remediation scenarios were simulated over durations of 2000, 6000, and 15,000 d to determine (1) the optimal time to switch from a preset Q1 to Q2 and (2) the value of Q2. The problem was constrained by mass removal requirements, maximum allowable downgradient concentrations, and practical bounds on Q2. Q1 was fixed at preset values 50% to 200% higher than the single-stage pumping rates (i.e., steady pumping rates during entire remediation period) necessary to achieve a desired cleanup level and capture the plume. Results for the NAPL-free homogeneous case under nonequilibrium desorption conditions achieved the same level of cleanup as single-stage pumping, while reducing extracted volumes by up to 36%. Comparable savings were obtained with NAPL-driven sources only when the source concentration was reduced by at least 2 orders of magnitude. For the zoned aquifer, the proposed strategy provided volume savings of up to 24% under NAPL-free and reduced source conditions.