润滑剂摩擦特性及其对顶管推力和管-土相互作用的影响

润滑剂普遍应用于项管工程中,尤其是在复杂地质条件和长距离顶管中。使用润滑剂的主要目的是减小管土之间的摩擦力,但是定量地确定这两者之间的真实接触情况是十分困难的。测量管-土相互作用的新型技术目前仍然很少并有待进一步发展,所以只能利用间接手段测定管土之间的相互作用,并且这些测量方法的应用基于对工程的定性评价。本研究应用一种简单的试验方法来测定台湾地区最常用的润滑剂的摩擦特性,这些摩擦特性可以用于顶力的估算和直线与曲线顶管中管-土相互作用的数值分析。对顶力的分析结果表明顶力的减小与摩擦系数的减小密切相关,并且润滑剂在曲线顶管中的作用比在直线顶管中略大。此外,对台中科技园中400m长直线顶管工程的研究显示由经验公式得到的顶力估算值比实际要大,这表明由超挖造成的管土之间接触面积的减小对砂砾石地层中顶管施工的影响是非常显著的。     

Rare Earth Element Enrichments in the Elk Creek Carbonatite

Please refer to the attachment(s) for more details.     

Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

冲断层、张性断层与花岗岩侵入作用关系的构造证据

本文提出了翁布里诺（Hombreiro）侵入体新的构造和岩石组构资料。翁布里诺侵入体是位于西班牙华力西构造带北部的一个同构造便位的花岗岩体。该岩体表现有两期塑性交形特征:早期变形与蒙多涅多（Mondonedo）推覆体的运动有关,此推覆体具有上盘向东的剪切指向;晚期变形则与比韦罗（Vivero）断层有关,此断层为一上盘向西运动的张性剪切带。这两期变形都始于高温近花岗岩固相线条件下,石英中保留有[c]-滑移组构可作证明。这一事实表明,在蒙多涅多推覆体上冲过程中,翁布里诺花岗岩发生侵位,在其定位过程中,张性断层不久即开始活动。本文提出,比韦罗断层的位置受地壳不稳定性所控制,而这种地壳不稳定性则由位于该断层下盘的许多侵入体的侵入作用所引起。     

两类中太平洋El Nio特征的对比分析

利用1979—2012年逐月Hadley中心海表温度、欧洲中期天气预报中心次表层海温、NCEP/NCAR风场再分析资料,对两类中太平洋(CP)El Nio及耦合的大气环流特征进行分析。结果表明,第一类CP El Nio(CP-ⅠEl Nio)增暖中心位于Nio4区且关于赤道对称;第二类CP El Nio(CP-ⅡEl Nio)的Nio4区与热带东北太平洋区域(NEP,130~110°W、15~25°N)同位相变化,冬季成熟后形成关于赤道非对称的带状增暖结构。进一步的研究表明,两类CP El Nio次表层结构存在差异:CP-ⅠEl Nio冬季次表层海温异常(SOTA)在中东太平洋与西太平洋呈显著偶极分布;CP-ⅡEl Nio在中、西太平洋位相相反但东太平洋异常较弱,且经向异常主要在赤道及其以北。两类CP El Nio耦合的大气环流特征不同:CP-ⅠEl Nio冬季异常Walker环流上升中心位于赤道上空,经向风向赤道辐合,低纬地区Hadley环流加强;CP-ⅡEl Nio冬季低层向北越赤道气流加强,Walker环流上升中心移到赤道以北,低纬地区Hadley环流减弱。     

大亚湾的马尾藻资源研究

大亚湾的马尾藻种类多，分布广，生物量高，资源丰富，马尾藻资源与生长基质、潮流等关系密切。文中讨论了半叶马尾藻Ｓａｒｇａｓｓｕｍｈｅｍｉｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ和亨氏马尾藻Ｓ．ｈｅｎｓｌｏｗｉａｎｕｍ的生物量与密度、藻体长度和单株藻体重量间关系，以及不同潮位马尾藻的资源状况。     

晚更新世以来青海北部的人类活动与湖泊演变

作为高海拔生态环境的青海北部是青藏高原的重要组成部分。晚更新世晚期以来 ,青海北部气候环境一直处于冷暖、干湿波动过程之中 ,湖泊水域也发生了相应的扩张和收缩 ,成为高原人类迁移和发展的自然背景。约 3 0kaB .P .,在晚期智人出现和迁徙的关键时期 ,青海北部开始有了最早的人类活动 ;更新世末—全新世初 ,气候转暖 ,古人类再次来到青海北部 ;进入全新世中期 ,气候暖湿 ,湖水位回升 ,细石器技术变得十分普通 ,青海北部的人类活动渐趋频繁。     

Discovery of High Proper-Motion Ancient White Dwarfs: Nearby Massive Compact Halo Objects?

We present the discovery and spectroscopic identification of two very high proper-motion ancient white dwarf stars, found in a systematic proper-motion survey. Their kinematics and apparent magnitude clearly indicate that they are halo members, while their optical spectra are almost identical to the recently identified cool halo white dwarf WD 0346+246. Canonical stellar halo models predict a white dwarf volume density that is 2 orders of magnitude less than the rho approximately 7x10-4 M middle dot in circle pc-3 inferred from this survey. With the caveat that the sample size is very small, it appears that a significant fraction, approximately 10%, of the local dark matter halo is in the form of very old, cool, white dwarfs.