白垩纪—第三纪界线的同位素地层学与钙质超微生物的“灾变性”灭绝

本文总结了八个地区白垩纪—第三纪界线的生物地层资料,试图确定一个完整的连续剖面.其中,突尼斯的艾尔·凯夫剖面出露最厚,生物地层标志也最全,包括白垩纪最顶部的Micula Prinsii带;第三纪最下部Globigerina fringa带中的“界线粘土”以及Globigerina eugubina and pseudobulloides带.根据这一分带,笔者对比了各剖面的稳定同位素地层标志.资料表明,白垩纪最晚期和第三纪最早期海洋的同位素组成,差别极大.碳同位素的变化主要取决于海洋养分的变化,显然是全球性的,因而具有等时性.氧同位素的变化虽然也具全球性,但受古地理位置及古循环系统的局部影响.同位素地层与生物地层资料的一致性表明,第三系底部沉积物中的“白垩纪”超微化石,并非再搬运的,而是白垩纪—第三纪界线事件的幸存者,在第三纪最早期海洋中仍继续繁衍.这些孓遗种属在界线事件后几万年才发生灭绝,理应为事件造成的环境变化的结果,而不是事件本身引起的”灾变性”灭绝.     

海水中甲基汞的试验性测定

一、引言 食用海鱼乃为人类从食物中摄入汞、特别是剧毒甲基汞的重要来源。不管被捕捞的海区是否受汞污染,鱼体内常含有占总汞量80—100％的甲基汞。海洋环境中的甲基汞或来源于工业废水或由自然的甲基化作用所合成。鱼能从海水和食物中积累甲基汞,但本身并不能使无机汞甲基化。甲基汞仅在有严重汞污染历史的日本水俣湾检出过。主要是在已知受汞污染地区的一些沉积物中发现有汞,然而浓度很低。有机汞一般占沉积物中总汞的1％以下,但实际上,常常少于0.1％。有人认为沉积物     

用脉冲针状探针测量岩石碎块热导率

针状探针内产生的热脉冲可以用来测量围岩碎块或钻井岩石碎块的热导率。当热脉冲传入探针周围的岩石碎块和水的混合物时，针状探针内温度的衰减作为时问的函数被记录下来。热脉冲产生后的探头温度、热导率和时间倒数之间渐近关系。可以在所用时间范围内精确的显示。具有较高热导率的样品内探针相对缓慢的热反应与一个脉冲的初始时间延迟相一致。有限脉冲长度和慢探针反应的综合修正表明它是小的、可预测的。和采用其它方法一样，岩石碎块热导率可以用一个模型来计算。该模型依赖于样品的水含量。如果已知分割条法的期望精度．用这种方法和分割条设备的测量结果是相当的。水、熔融石英和晶体石英的热导率测量值与它们的公认值很接近。     

Bioavailability of heavy metals bound to sediments affected by a mining spill using Solea senegalensis and Scrobicularia plana

After the Aznalcóllar mining spill (April, 1998) different ecosystems along the Guadiamar river and the Guadalquivir estuary were impacted by high concentrations of metals. The concentration of metals Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and As has been detected as a good tracer of the pathway of the toxic spill. Different individuals of the fish Solea senegalensis and the clam Scrobicularia plana were exposed to contaminated sediments after the accidental spill in the south-west Spain. The induction of metallothioneins in fish and the bioaccumulation of metals in clams were determined in different tissues to determine the biological adverse effect associated with the heavy metals from the spill. A relationship between the enrichment of metals in the tissues and the induction of metallothioneins was determined for those assays performed using contaminated sediments. The bioaccumulation of metals indicates that the risk associated with the spill should be continuously evaluated to establish the sublethal effects related to the accident.     

Evaluating prey capture by larval mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) as a potential biomarker for contaminants

We evaluated larval prey capture as a "behavioral biomarker" of contamination by examining feeding behavior of larval mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) from many different sites, including a severely contaminated "Superfund" site, moderately contaminated sites, and reference areas. Prey capture ability was related to sediment contaminant levels. The levels of contaminants at a site were highly correlated with each other, so that the impact of individual contaminants was confounded. The number of captures of brine shrimp by mummichog larvae from all sites was highly variable, but significant negative correlations of prey capture were seen with mercury, lead, zinc, cadmium, and PCBs. As observed previously with adults, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) did not appear to impair prey capture ability. The only site in which prey capture rates of 8-day old larvae were severely affected was the most highly contaminated Superfund site, Berry's Creek, NJ. This implies that larval prey capture is not as sensitive a behavioral biomarker for contamination as adult behavior studied previously.     

南黄海浅层声学地层的初步探讨

利用数字地震仪、地质脉冲仪和3.5kH_Z真浅层剖面仪测量结果显示:南黄海地层可分为三个大层组,即第四系、上第三系和下第三系(或第三系以前的地层)。它们分别沉积在南、北两个沉积中心中,这两个沉积中心始终控制着盆地的沉积。在盆地发展过程中,西部大陆的物质一直是盆地沉积的主要物质来源。第四纪时,黄河已经显示了它对南黄海影响的主导地位。无论是第三纪还是第四纪沉积物均以陆相为主。第四纪的地质历史是复杂多变的,至少有两次以上的成陆过程。     

南海东北部深部构造与中新生代沉积盆地

利用OBS资料作约束条件对南海东北部的地球物理资料，主要是重力资料和多道反射地震资料进行反演，获取比较理想的莫霍面深度，地壳厚度，中生代沉积基底面，新生代沉积底界面等地壳结构信息，研究发现该区中生代沉积盆地形成模式与新生代沉积盆地的形成模式不同，中生代沉积基底与莫霍面呈正相关，而新生代沉积基底则与莫霍面呈明显的镜像关系。中生仝层不受边界断层控制，中生代沉积基底与莫霍面呈正相关，而新生代沉积基底则与莫霍面呈明显的镜像关系。中生代地层不受边界断层控制。中生代沉积坳陷边界实质上是残留的中生代地层的边界，中生代沉积盆地具有大型坳陷沉积特征，而新生代盆地为断陷盆地。     

应用生态模型研究近海贝类养殖的可持续发展

建立了一个贝藻混养生态模型，并应用于桑沟湾栉孔扇贝、太平洋牡蛎和海带混养生态系统的模拟。这一模型在个体生长模型的基础上模拟种群的生长情况；通过模拟不同播苗养殖和收获方式下的产量，以及不同混养方式对海洋生态系统的影响来确定养殖容量。采用该模型的研究结果表明：当养殖密度分别增加到目前扇贝和牡蛎放苗量的2倍和15倍时总产量最高(达到养殖容量)，但单位面积产量和产量／播苗比减少，因此效益是下降的；扇贝放苗量增加到目前的15倍，牡蛎增加到30倍时会导致养殖生产崩溃，同时生态系统也发生改变：在目前养殖密度下，桑沟湾向黄海输出初级生产产品，但是当放苗密度增加到15～20倍时，桑沟湾需要黄海向其输入初级生产产品。上述结果表明，该模型可以迅速模拟养殖生物量和生态系统的变化，在多元养殖管理中可作为一种有效的管理工具。