数值天气预报的回顾与展望

一、数值预报的历史用数值方法计算天气系统的发展,最初是由理查森(Richardson)提出来的(1922)。但当时限于缺少资料和计算装备以及尚存在着其他问题必须解决,因而他的工作做为预报是一个明显的失败。但是,理查森方法的许多方面与最近的数值预报方法的发展是很接近一致的。特别是他的计算是根据原始方程,并直接根据所能导出的一切主要的物理定律,引进了一些物理过程——辐射、湍流、凝结等的影响。     

从林波波带和巴伯顿山地的演化推导南非(阿扎尼亚)太古宙地壳演化型式

在非洲南部,林波波带和巴伯顿山地的构造演化,可用从约3600Ma直到2500Ma一段时间的板块构造活动幕来解释。尽管时间上有联系,但在每一地区活动类型不同。津巴布韦和卡普瓦尔克拉通的构造演化,可能被认为是两个端元类型的结合。林波波活动带是在3570Ma前由于大陆上升崩塌成地堑而形成的。这种上升出现在含有年龄至少为3790Ma的岩石的克拉通中,并且可能源自地幔羽状体(Mantle plu-     

New Discovery of Selenides in the Shiti Barite Deposit,Dabashan Region and its Geological Significances

The large-scale Shiti barite deposit of Shaanxi,being stratiform or stratoid in form,occurs in an early Paleozoic large witherite-barite metallogenic belt of southern Qinling region(China).The ore deposit,hosted in Lower Silurian Daguiping Formation,is composed of a series of carbonaceous chert,carbonaceous slate and carbonaceous sandstone,and is characterized by persistent syn-sedimentary ore beds.Barite,w itherite.barytocalcite and barite-witherite constitute the major ore minerals,with barite being the main one.     

白云鄂博的钾-钡长石系列与钡交代作用

在内蒙古白云鄂博铌-稀土-铁矿床的顶板围岩——钾交代岩中发现大量含钡的钾微斜长石,其钡长石(Cn)分子含量变化于5.5～13.8mol%Cn之间,构成钾钡长石系列矿物.Cn含量高者则形成钡冰长石并与含Cn较低的钾微斜长石构成环带构造.本文根据钾钡长石系列矿物的显微构造、化学成分及其矿物组合特点确定了在本区普遍发育的另一种热液变代作用——钡交代作用.     

关于向国际矿物学会(IMA)新矿物与矿物命名委员会(CNMMN)提交新矿物程序与注意事项及矿物的命名准则

1.关于新矿物的提议应直接寄送CNMMN的主席,在有些国家中则要求先送该国的国家新矿物与矿物命名委员会审查,然后由国家代表送IMA,CNMMN审批。2.关于已有矿物的重新定名,否决以及恢复曾被否决的矿物名称的提议一律寄CNMMN副主席办理。同时,抄送主席一份备查。     

The mid- to late Holocene paleoceanographic changes in the northern North Atlantic

A high-resolution diatom record from core MD99-2275 shows a general paleoceanographic change in the northern North Atlantic since 5000 cal. a B.P. by Principle Component Analysis. Sea surface temperature (SST) increased gradually during 5000 and 3000 cal. a B.P. on the North Icelandic shelf as a result of increasing influence of warm Atlantic water mass from the Irminger Current. It apparently started to decrease since 3000 cal. a B.P. due to the weakening influence of warm water and enhanced influence of the Polar and Arctic water masses from the East Greenland Current and the East Icelandic Current. Abrupt decreases in SST and intrusions of Polar and Arctic water superimposed on the late Holocene cooling trend during 3000-2600, 1300-1000 and 600-200 cal. a B.P.. The paleoceanographic record revealed from core MD99-2275 corresponds well with δ¹⁸O record from the GISP2 and is generally consistent with other SST records based on diatom on the North Icelandic shelf. __________ Translated from Marine Science Bulletin, 2008, 27(5) [译自:海洋通报]     

Model-Based Identification of Mechanical Characteristics of Sinosaurus (Theropoda) Crests

The paired cranial crests of Sinosaurus(Theropoda) have been hypothesized as too weak to resist mechanical loads during combat. Finite element analysis(FEA) is used to test this hypothesis, first with geometry obtained through direct laser scanning of a well-preserved fossil of the crest, and then with two conceptual FE models of both crests analyzing the structure-deformation effects of fenestration. In the original fossil model, under direct loading on the dorsal faces of the crest, we found that the areas surrounding cavities on the crest experience shear stress that implies a high chance of material failure – the fracture of bone. In the conceptual model, a series of computational studies were conducted with varying loading directions. One simulation found that the shear stress and strain in the material around the cavity presented more deformation compared with the conceptual model without the cavities, and under this morphologically realistic scenario the loading conditions would result in local bone fractures. These model-based computational results indicate that the crest could not resist high loads, because it could not effectively decentralize the loading stress. Future investigations need to focus on more comprehensive computational experiments with more conditions, e.g. dynamical loading conditions, and direct palaeontological evidence.     

澳大利亚布罗肯希尔地区电气石岩的成因和意义

在布罗肯希尔地区的早元古代维利亚马(Willyama)超群中,富电气石岩石是分布广而数量少的岩石。电气石集中产在层控和局部层状电气石岩、变质碎屑沉积岩、石英—锌尖晶石脉岩、层状 Pb-Zn-Ag 硫化物矿石、石榴石英岩、层控白钨矿矿床、石英-电气石结核、不整合石英脉和花岗伟晶岩内。大部分富电气石岩是产在赋主要 Pb-Zn-Ag的布罗肯希尔群内。在 Globe 矿山,沿主矿脉的西北端,电气石与 Pb-Zn-Ag 矿化紧密共生,在一些地方与富锰石榴石石英岩互层。在局部地方,方铅矿和其他矿石矿物是产在这些电气石岩中的重结晶电气石颗粒的核心,表明电气石和硫化物是在变形和高级变质作用之前已存在     

过去2000 年大气甲烷含量与气候变化的冰芯记录

温室气体与气候变化的关系是当前全球变化研究中的一个核心内容。目前关于大气温室气体含量变化只有几十年的实测资料, 而冰芯包裹气体中的CH4 不仅能反映过去大气CH4 含量随时间的变化, 而且能很好地揭示陆地CH4大气中的释放随时间及空间的分布。     

Application of Advanced Analytics and Visualization in Mineral Systems

正The key to answering many compelling and complex questions in Earth,planetary,and life science lies in breaking down the barriers between scientific fields and harnessing the integrated,multi-disciplinary power of Earth,planetary,and bioscience data resources.We have a unique opportunity to integrate large and rapidly expanding"big data"resources,to enlist powerful analytical and visualization methods,and to answer multi-disciplinary questions that cannot be addressed by one field alone.