湖泊研究的新工具和新视野:第58届IAGLR年会观察

<正>以中国为代表的发展中国家城镇化进程正在快速推进,前所未有地改变以欧美发达国家为主体的全球城镇发展格局.与此同时,与城镇化进程相关联的大气、土壤和水体等动植物栖息生境和人类生存环境正发生着深刻变化,并且日益受到社会的普遍关注和广泛重视.湖泊作为一类典型的淡水生境,因具有洪水调蓄、多样性维护、物质循环、环境美化和气候调节等自然生态功能以及供水、水产品生产、休闲娱乐和文化美学等社会经济服务功能,其功能与城镇可持续发展和人类社会文明进步息息相关.为此,本文简要回顾了第     

主动大陆边缘的海底块体运动——发震带钻探计划（NanTroSEIZE）第一航次期间在南海（Nankai）海槽所取岩心样之初步结果

2007年底到2008年初,综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）“南海海槽发震带试验”（NanTrosEIZE）的第一阶段是沿南海海槽的汇聚边缘开始钻井、取芯。NanTroSEIZE项目是一个多阶段的IODP钻探计划,重点是通过直接取样、原位测试以及长期监测,了解地震成因、破裂传播以及海啸成因的力学性质。第一阶段包括三个非立管钻探航次,调查几个横穿西南日本纪伊半岛海域的陆坡和隆起的站位。主要目的是研究板块边界和张性断裂的浅部特征,这些钻探航次还为研究主动大陆边缘的海底块体运动提供了有价值的信息。     

Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity and Measurement of EDCs in Wastewater Treatment Plants

1IntroductionDuringthe past several years,concern hasincreasedover the potential pollution of watershed by estrogeniccompounds,including steroidal hormones fromhumanand ani mal sources.Effluents from wastewater treat-ment plants are sources of endocrine-d…     

Biological and Molecular Geochemical Evidence for Dinoflagellate Ancestors in the Upper Sinian-Cambrian

Dinoflagellates are single celled organisms that reflect the ecological conditions in modern oceans and lakes. Their earliest undisputed fossil record suggests that dinoflagellates originated from the Middle Triassic (c. 240 Ma ago). However, the presence of molecular biomarkers (dinosterane, 4α-methyl-24-ethylcholestane and tria-romatic dinosteroids) in rock extracts and coccoid dinoflagellate fossils from the upper Sinian to Cambrian of the Tarim basin confirms the hypothesis that dinoflagellates have an ancient origin, and predate the oldest undisputed dinoflagellate fossils at least by 300 Ma, as early as the late Sinian-Cambrian.     

论古应力计研究的现状

显微构造成因研究的最新进展,已使地质学家有可能开始推断在主要变形事件中地球内部的应力条件.尤其是,材料科学的研究成果表明,在变形过程中的差异应力与稳态自由位错密度、稳态亚晶粒直径和稳态重结晶颗粒大小有着线性关系.地质学家已经把这种线性关系应用在变形岩石微构造中,把它作为推断与地球内部岩石变形有关的古应力的一种手段(Weathers等,1979;White,1979;Christie和Ord;Kohlstedt和Weathers,1980;Etheridge和wilke,1981;Ord和Christie,1984).例如,在大断层带内通常估计应力为50~100MPa级左右.     

早期的硫化物饱和并不妨碍斑岩Cu-Au矿的形成北大核心CSCD

斑岩型铜(金和钼)矿床提供了世界上约75%的Cu、50%的Mo和20%的Au的产量。该类型矿床通常与汇聚板块边缘的下地壳以及中性火山-侵入岩浆体系相关。然而,尽管经过近十年的研究,目前对造成富矿岩浆体系和贫矿岩浆体系的控制因素仍然不完全清楚。一些研究认为,富矿岩浆比贫瘠岩浆更加富集金属成矿元素,而另一些研究则指出,斑岩型铜矿可以通过正常岩浆形成,并指出岩浆的硫含量、氧逸度、水含量或者上地壳岩浆房的规模都能决定其成矿。     

Membership List for the year 1922

Those who have followed the historical development of the systematicclassification of the old Palaeozoic rocks in Europe would undoubtedly wellremember how the Ordovician became recognized as a well-defined,independ-     

Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in water, sediment and mussels from the Cantabrian Sea (North Spain)

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as significant global environmental pollutants with persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of PFCs in water (wastewater, submarine emissaries and port-waters), sediment and transplanted mussels in estuarine areas of high urban and industrial impact from Northern Spain. Five PFCs of industrial use were studied: perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, perfluorobutanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate acid and perfluorononanoate acid. After selective extraction, samples were analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. ΣPFCs ranged from 0.06 to 10.9 ng/L in water, with higher levels in wastewater treatment plants effluents and port waters than in submarine emissaries. Little accumulation was observed in sediments and mussels with ΣPFCs ranging from 0.01-0.13 ng/g dw and 0.01-0.06 ng/g ww, respectively. Most ubiquitous compounds were PFOS and PFOA. Mass fluxes of PFCs to the Cantabrian Sea are estimated and the impact to the coastal ecosystem is discussed.     

Cloning of a chub metallothionein cDNA and development of competitive RT-PCR of chub metallothionein mRNA as a potential biomarker of heavy metal exposure

Metallothionein has been assayed in a range of aquatic animal tissues as an indicator of metal exposure. We sequenced chub (Leuciscus cephalus) metallothionein cDNA which showed over 90% homology to common carp, goldfish and stone loach and 77% homology to rainbow trout sequences for metallothionein. We then used the extended primer method to develop an accurate quantitative competitive RT-PCR assay for metallothionein mRNA. RT-PCR was used to measure metallothionein mRNA in feral chub from a range of field sites, with different levels of heavy metal pollution, in the West Midlands, UK. Measurements were complemented by analysis of liver and gill metallothionein protein by capillary electrophoresis. There was no significant difference in the metallothionein protein levels between fish of different rivers and there was no evidence of elevation of mRNA at the sites of highest metal exposure. The level of metal exposure (e.g. zinc, nickel and cadmium each ranging between 15 and 28 microg/l ) at the pH (7.5-8.5) of these rivers appears insufficient to elevate hepatic or gill metallothionein in chub. A lack of elevation of hepatic metallothionein mRNA in chub exposed to zinc, copper and manganese for 24 h and 10 days in the laboratory also suggests a non-responsiveness of this species.     

ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions

Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies.