公元1430年前中国测绘美洲——《坤舆万国全图》探秘

定性与定量分析《坤舆万国全图》和同时期的欧洲绘世界地图:墨卡托(1569)、奥特里乌斯(1570)、墨卡托(1595)北极圈地图和普兰修斯(1594)地图,揭示《坤舆万国全图》内容并非采自欧洲地图.《坤舆万国全图》显示文艺复兴前的欧洲,而美洲一半的地名在同时期的欧洲绘地图上没有出现,部分是利玛窦去世至少200年后欧洲人才知道的地理.《坤舆万国全图》准确标示今日的加利福尼亚、雷尼尔山(雪山)、阿拉斯加的冰川峡湾(美湾)、安克拉治附近的水潮与北美最高峰迪纳利(水潮峰)纬度与地理特征完全符合,南美智利与秘鲁的经度比较正确.普兰修斯与墨卡托的地图严重错误和不确定.《坤舆万国全图》的中国地名地理不是利玛窦年代的,是公元1430年以前的,比哥伦布到达美洲早60年以上.传教士卫匡国1655年出版的《中国新地图集》不可能是他测绘,只能翻译中国原数据,说明明代中国有能力测绘大面积有准确经纬度和球形投影的地图.这两种地图证实中国的世界地理知识和地图学并非来自西方.《坤舆万国全图》证明中国明代大航海是世界地理大发现与地图学的先行者.     

安徽沿江地区燕山期含铜岩体稀土、微量地球化学特征

安徽沿江地区位于长江中下游岩浆成矿带中段,其中众多矿床的形成与燕山期岩浆密切相关.对安徽沿江地区(铜陵、安庆和庐纵)燕山期中酸性舍铜岩体地球化学研究表明:舍铜岩体稀土特征总体表现为右倾型,LREE富集,HREE亏损但表现为平缓的曲线,无明显的Eu异常,XREE含量变化范围在85.84×10-6～446.26×10-6,(La/Yb)N值为7.87至63.8,具有高Th,Sr;低Cr,Ni;La/Nb(平均值为3.4),Nb/U(平均值为5.24)和Nb/Pb(平均值为1.47)等特征,结合同住素特征,为壳幔混熔的物源区.研究还表明,本区燕山期含铜岩体可能来自于底侵的幔源碱性玄武岩浆同化混染古老地壳物质同时结晶分异的产物.其中岩体中的铜能否参与成矿关键取决于是否发生热液蚀变交代作用.     

Weathering Processes in the Min Jiang: Major Elements, {}^{87}{\text{Sr/}}{}^{86}{\text{Sr}},\;\delta {}^{34}{\text{S}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } ,\;{\text{and}}\;\delta {}^{18}{\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} }

We investigated the dissolved major elements, $ {}^{87}{\text{Sr/}}{}^{86}{\text{Sr}},\;\delta {}^{34}{\text{S}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } ,\;{\text{and}}\;\delta {}^{18}{\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } $ composition of the Min Jiang, a headwater tributary of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). A forward calculation method was applied to quantify the relative contribution to the dissolved load from rain, evaporite, carbonate, and silicate reservoirs. Input from carbonate weathering dominated the major element composition (58–93%) and that from silicate weathering ranged from 2 to 18% in unperturbed Min Jiang watersheds. Most samples were supersaturated with respect to calcite, and the CO₂ partial pressures were similar to or up to ～5 times higher than atmospheric levels. The Sr concentrations in our samples were low (1.3–2.5 μM) with isotopic composition ranging from 0.7108 to 0.7127, suggesting some contribution from felsic silicates. The Si/(Na^* + K) ratios ranged from 0.5 to 2.5, which indicate low to moderate silicate weathering intensity. The $ \delta {}^{34}{\text{S}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } \;{\text{and}}\;\delta {}^{18}{\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} } $ for five select samples showed that the source of dissolved sulfate was combustion of locally consumed coal. The silicate weathering rates were 23–181 × 10³ mol/km²/year, and the CO₂ consumption rates were 31–246 × 10³ mol/km²/year, which are moderate on a global basis. Upon testing various climatic and geomorphic factors for correlation with the CO₂ consumption rate, the best correlation coefficients found were with water temperature (r ² = 0.284, p = 0.009), water discharge (r ² = 0.253, p = 0.014), and relief (r ² = 0.230, p = 0.019).     

Turbulence Modelling of A Lock-Release Oil Slick

1 .IntroductionWiththe rapidincrease inthe scale of offshore oil depletion and marine oil transport ,the devas-tating and obnoxious effects of marine oil pollution due to oil spills become a matter of internationalconcern,and corresponding numerical simul…     

Study of Bed Friction Factor for the Wu River Estuary

1 .IntroductionThe Wu River systemis the most important estuary river in central Taiwan.Its tidal wave canrange over 5 meters .Itis considered as one of the most magnificent scenesin Taiwan.The understand-ing of the tidal flowof the estuaryis essential to…     

A PETROGRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE WURMKALK(With two Plates)

I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Wurmkalk is the term given by von Richthofen to Conglomeraticlimestone in the Cambrain beds in North China. It is widely distributed is thenorthern provinces, vis., Fengtien, Shantung. Chihli, Shansi, Honan, etc. The     

A SULPHIDES-BEARING TERIDOTTTE FROM SZECHUAN

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION This peridotite is collected from Ching Kuang Shan (青矿山), Hui Li Hsien (会理县), Szechuan Province Its colour is greenish black The texture is medium coarse grained. The cleavage surfaces of the amphibole     

A SULPHIDES-BEARING TERIDOTTTE FROM SZECHUAN

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION This peridotite is collected from Ching Kuang Shan (青矿山), Hui Li Hsien (会理县), Szechuan Province Its colour is greenish black The texture is medium coarse grained. The cleavage surfaces of the amphibole     

GEOLOGY OF THE GORGE DISTRICT OF THE YANGTZE (FROM ICHANG TO TZEKUEI) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GORGES.

As the Gorge District of the Yangtze is one of the few areas in China that can deservedly boast before the world its scenic grandeur as well as beauty, it has been long felt that a systematic account of its geological conditions would open another aspect of interest to the scientific travellers. There are already on the record the observations of Pumpelly, Richthofen, Abendanon, Willis and Blackwelder, Noda and others; but the results of their work, important as they are in certain respects, seem to ind...