The contribution of organic and mineral colloidal nanoparticles to element transport in a podzol soil

The aim of this work is to analyze the size-distribution and composition of nanoparticles in a water-extract of a podzol B horizon. AsFlowFFF coupled to ICP–MS and a UV/VIS detector was used for particle fractionation and simultaneous measurement of the composition of the nanoparticles. Detected nanoparticles were organic and mineral particles; the mineral particles were dominated by clay and Fe-(hydr)oxides. Both organic- and inorganic particles contributed to the mobility of Fe, Al, trace metals and P. For Zn, Pb and P respectively 73%, 92% and 72% of the colloidal concentrations were associated with clay minerals. The large contribution of clay particles to the mobility of trace metals and P can be partly explained by the high amount of dispersed clay due to drying, sieving and rewetting of the soil. Inorganic nanoparticles can contribute significantly to the mobility of metals and P in soils.     

Modelling thermal transients from magmatic underplating—an example from the Vøring margin (NE Atlantic)

The thermal impact of several kilometre-thick magmatic underplating in the lower continental crust is studied with analytical and numerical methods. Simple analytical solutions are derived for the thermal transient in the case of an infinite depth below the underplate and also for the case of a finite depth (down to the asthenosphere). It is shown that these solutions lead to simple approximations for when the transient surface heat flow is at its maximum, what the maximum is, and for how long the transient lasts. Even though these solutions assume that the underplate is emplaced instantaneously, they are useful in the interpretation of underplating over finite time spans. A numerical scheme is suggested for the modelling of underplating that handles both short time intervals as well as long intervals. The scheme treats magmatic underplating in a mass and energy conservative manner, and it is compared against the analytical solutions. Finally, the analytical and numerical results for thermal transients are applied to a transect from the Vøring margin (NE Atlantic), with respect to various degrees of early Cenozoic magmatic intrusion. It appears that more than half of the lower crustal body (LCB) in the Vøring margin must be magmatic underplating for the vitrinite reflectance to be substantially higher than for the non-magmatic case, where the LCB is assumed to comprise Caledonian crust.     

Regional prediction of landslide hazard using probability analysis of intense rainfall in the Hoa Binh province, Vietnam

The main objective of this study is to assess regional landslide hazards in the Hoa Binh province of Vietnam. A landslide inventory map was constructed from various sources with data mainly for a period of 21 years from 1990 to 2010. The historic inventory of these failures shows that rainfall is the main triggering factor in this region. The probability of the occurrence of episodes of rainfall and the rainfall threshold were deduced from records of rainfall for the aforementioned period. The rainfall threshold model was generated based on daily and cumulative values of antecedent rainfall of the landslide events. The result shows that 15-day antecedent rainfall gives the best fit for the existing landslides in the inventory. The rainfall threshold model was validated using the rainfall and landslide events that occurred in 2010 that were not considered in building the threshold model. The result was used for estimating temporal probability of a landslide to occur using a Poisson probability model. Prior to this work, five landslide susceptibility maps were constructed for the study area using support vector machines, logistic regression, evidential belief functions, Bayesian-regularized neural networks, and neuro-fuzzy models. These susceptibility maps provide information on the spatial prediction probability of landslide occurrence in the area. Finally, landslide hazard maps were generated by integrating the spatial and the temporal probability of landslide. A total of 15 specific landslide hazard maps were generated considering three time periods of 1, 3, and 5 years.     

Cenozoic erosion and sediment yield in the drainage area of the Storfjorden Fan

The western Barents Sea continental margin, between 74° and 77°N, comprises 7–8 km post-Paleocene sediments. The margin sediments have been divided into four seismic sequences dated by seismic correlation to adjacent areas. This chronostratigraphy shows that the uppermost three sequences are of glacial origin, deposited during the last 2.3 m.y. A huge sedimentary wedge, the Storfjorden Fan, was deposited in front of the Storfjorden Trough between 2.3 and 0.44 Ma, whereas during the last 0.44 m.y. a more evenly distribution pattern is observed. The outbuilding of the fan is related to the onset of the northern hemisphere glaciations causing intense glacial erosion of predominantly consolidated rocks. Seismic facies interpretations indicates that the fan outbuilding was connected to large-scale mass movements. Within the uppermost part of the glacial sequence parallel and continuous reflectors and locally disturbed pattern on the upper slope are associated with downslope change in facies. Volumetric calculations, based on velocity studies and isopach maps, have been used to quantify Cenozoic erosion, sediment yield, sedimentation and erosion rates. Approximately 3300 m of post-Paleocene erosion is calculated within the drainage area of the Storfjorden Fan, of which about 1700 m was eroded in late Pliocene-Pleistocene times giving an average denudation rate of 0.63 mm/yr.     

Deglaciation chronology inferred from marine sediments in a proglacial lake basin, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Sub-bottom sediment profiles and sediment cores show that the lacustrine sediments in lake Linnevatnet are underlain by marine sediments and a basal till that mantles the bedrock. The till was probably deposited by the glacier that during the Late Weichselian glacial maximum removed all pre-existing sediments from the basin. The cores were collected in closed basins, where continuous deposition is expected. The marine sediment in the studied cores is up to 8 m thick and consists of bioturbated clay and silt. Radiocarbon dates on shells from the base of the marine sequence suggest that glacial retreat from the lake basin occurred around 12,500BP. This is more than a thousand years older than basal shell dates from raised marine sediments on the slopes above the lake. Typical ice proximal litbofacies were not identified in the cores. stratigraphic record indicates both a rapid glacial retreat and that no younger glacial re-advances occurred. During the Younger Dryas local glaciers on western Svalbard were smaller than during the Little Ice Age. This is in sharp contrast to western Europe, where Younger Dryas glaciers were much larger than those the Little Ice Age.     

Short-term Jovian rotation profiles, 1970–1972

Approximately 1300 measurements of the positions of 101 features in Jupiter's atmosphere have been made using blue-light photographs of the planet obtained by the International Planetary Patrol from 1970 to 1972. The longitudinal positions of features were read directly with orthographic grids superimposed on optically projected images of Jupiter. For each feature, least-squares linear fits were made on plots of the longitude measurements as a function of time, in order to derive drifts rates relative to System I or II. Drift rates were used to compute rotation periods; and, by combining the data from various latitudes, short-term rotation profiles were constructed. These short-term profiles are compared with a “mean” multiple-year profile, and differences in detail are evident. Slightly shorter rotation periods were found near the edges of the equatorial jet than at its center in 1970 and 1971. In 1972, one feature at +37° north was found to exhibit an abrupt change in period amounting to an increase of 95.1 seconds.     

Untersuchungen der Himmelsstrahlung in den Ostalpen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Höhenabhängigkeit

Zusammenfassung Als Beitrag zur Kenntnis der verschiedenen Faktoren der Strahlungsbilanz wird in dieser Studie im besonderen die Verteilung der Himmelsstrahlung mit der Seehöhe behandelt.Bei wolkenlosem Himmel zeigt sich, entsprechend der geringeren Zerstreuung in größeren Seehöhen, eine Abnahme der Himmelsstrahlung. Eine beachtliche Störung der reinen Höhenabhängigkeit bilden multiple Reflexion und Reflexion der direkten Sonnenstrahlung durch horizontüberhöhende Hänge.Eine Sonderstellung nimmt die Himmelsstrahlung in Städten ein. Entsprechend dem Gang der Lufttrübung erscheint das Maximum im Tagesgang gegen den Vormittag verschoben.Bei völlig bedecktem Himmel zeigt sich ein starker Intensitätsanstieg der Himmelsstrahlung mit zunehmender Seehöhe. Es steigt z. B. die Intensität der Himmelsstrahlung auf dem Sonnblick (3106 m) auf 200% des Wertes von Wien (202 m) im Sommer und auf 400% im Winter. Sowohl für klaren, als auch für bedeckten Himmel werden Richtwerte der Himmelsstrahlung für verschiedene Seehöhen in 500 m-Intervallen angegeben.Aufbauend auf die beiden vorangehenden Kapitel wird im letzten versucht, eine Höhenabhängigkeit für wechselnden Bewölkungsgrad zu finden.

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Summary This study dealing particularly with the radiation of the sky as a function of altitude is a contribution to what we know about the different factors of radiation balance. In the absence of clouds the radiation of the sky shows a decrease with height according to less light being scattered at greater altitudes. This dependence on height is considerably disturbed by multiple reflection and reflection of direct solar radiation by slopes rising above the horizon. Sky radiation has a particular character in great towns. In relation to the variations of air turbidity there is a shift of its daily maximum towards forenoon. Intensity of sky radiation increases strongly with altitude in case of an entirely overcast sky. Intensity values of sky radiation on the Sonnblick (3106 m) reach e. g. 200 per cent of the values observed in Vienna (202 m) in summer and 400 per cent in winter. Approximate values of sky radiation in different altitudes with intervals of 500 m are given for clear and overcast sky. An attempt has been made, in the last chapter, to find a dependence on height for different degrees of cloudiness.

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Résumé Considérée comme contribution à la connaissance des différents facteurs du bilan radiatif, la présente étude traite en particulier de la répartition du rayonnement céleste en fonction de l'altitude. Par ciel serein le rayonnement céleste diminue avec l'altitude par suite de l'affaiblissement de la dispersion. La loi de décroissance est toutefois altérée par la réflexion multiple et par celle du rayonnement solaire direct sur les versants dépassant l'horizon. Le rayonnement céleste dans les villes constitue un cas spécial. La variation du trouble atmosphérique entraine un déplacement du maximum vers le matin. Par ciel entièrement couvert l'intensité du rayonnement céleste éprouve une forte augmentation avec l'altitude; cette intensité atteint par exemple au Sonnblick (3106 m) 200% de cell Vienne (202 m) en été, et 400% en hiver. On donne des valeurs types du rayonnement céleste pour différentes altitudes de 500 en 500 m, aussi bien par ciel serein que couvert. On tente enfin d'établir la loi de variation du rayonnement céleste avec l'altitude pour différentes fractions de couverture nuageuse du ciel.

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Mit 17 Textabbildungen.     

Untersuchungen über die Strahlungsverhältnisse auf den Alpengletschern

Zusammenfassung Auf dem Hohen Sonnblick (3106 m) wurden im Sommer 1950 Wärmeumsatzuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Über die hierbei ausgeführten Messungen der Sonnenstrahlung, Himmelsstrahlung, Gegenstrahlung der Atmosphäre, der Albedo und der langwelligen Temperaturausstrahlung des Gletschers wird hier berichtet. Es konnte die Einwirkung der Bewölkung auf die Himmelsstrahlung studiert werden. Bestimmungen der Gegenstrahlung über Bilanzmessungen ergaben die Brauchbarkeit derÅngströmschen Formel und bestimmte Gesetzmäßigkeiten des Einflusses der Wolkendecke. Als anscheinend variabelster Faktor wird die zeitlich und örtlich oft sehr wechselnde Albedo angesehen. Einige Beispiele direkter Strahlungsbilanzmessungen, die dies beweisen, werden mitgeteilt.

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Summary A report is given of measurements of solar radiation, sky radiation, atmospheric radiation, albedo, and long-wave outgoing radiation of a glacier carried out in connection with investigations on exchange of heat on the High Sonnblick (3106 m) in summer 1950. The effects of cloudiness on sky radiation were studied. Determinations of atmospheric radiation derived from balance measurements showed the validity of theÅngström-formula and certain regularities concerning the effect of cloud cover. The most variable factor appears to be the albedo which often varies strongly with time as well as locally. Several examples of direct measurements of radiation balance proving that are communicated.

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Résumé On a effectué au sommet du Sonnblick (3106 m) en été 1950 des recherches sur les échanges de chaleur. On rapporte ici sur les mesures faites du rayonnement solaire et céleste, du rayonnement atmosphérique de l'albédo et du rayonnement à grande longueur d'onde du glacier. On a pu établir l'influence de la nébulosité sur le rayonnement céleste. Des évaluations du rayonnement atmosphérique tirées de mesures du bilan thermique ont prouvé la validité de la formule d'Ångström ainsi que certaines règles concernant l'effet de la couverture du ciel. Le facteur apparemment le plus variable est l'albédo qui varie parfois fortement dans le temps et dans l'espace. Quelques exemples de mesures directes du bilan radiatif qui le prouvent sont donnés.

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Mit 6 Textabbildungen.