白云鄂博西矿火山岩岩石学特征

自1927年丁道衡教授发现白云鄂博铁矿迄今已近90年。该矿床不仅仅是铁矿,而成为铌-稀土多金属矿床,其中稀土储量已成为世界最大的稀土矿床。国内外许多地质专家进行了多次考察和研究。曾有人预测矿区应有火山岩存在。直到1982年笔者才在西矿发现了火山岩。这些火山岩赋存于铁矿体附近的板岩中。它们是中酸性火山岩系列。包括英安质角砾凝灰熔岩、英安质熔结角砾岩和英安岩。这些火山岩具斑状构造,基质为隐晶质凝灰构造。英安岩基质为微晶结构。长石和石英斑晶微裂隙密布,石英有很好熔蚀的港湾结构,长石发育次生边,还见到火山玻璃及其碎屑。     

碧口群形成的地质构造环境探讨

碧口群是一套浅变质的中晚元古代火山－沉积岩建造,主要分布于川陕甘三省交界地区。其中火山岩主要由细碧－石英角斑岩系列火山岩组成,还有少量的玄武－流纹岩系列火山岩和富钾流纹岩。下亚群以酸性火山岩为主,上亚群既有基性火山岩,又有酸性火山岩,中性火山岩出露较少。火山财变质很浅,基本保持原岩的结构和化学组成。岩石化学、微量元素和稀土元素等一系列图解,都一致判别为大肆秒火山岩主要是钙碱系列,也有少量的拉斑系列     

Large and superlarge silver deposits associated with volcanic rocks in China

This paper deals with the geology and geochemistry of the Gacun and Laochang large-sized marine volcanic rock-type Ag deposits in the Sanjiang (Tri-River) area of southwestern China and of the continental volcanic-subvolcanic rock-type Ag deposits in the Tianshan area of Xinjiang, and in the East area, China. It is considered that the marine volcanic rock-type Ag deposits occur mainly in the second-ordered volcano-sedimentary basins developed in island-arc and rift tectonic environments. The Ag deposits show an obvious zonation, with vein-network mineralization in the lower parts and hot water sedimentary rock-hosted stratified mineralization in the upper parts. From the Earth’s surface downwards the ore-forming elements follows the order of As(Au)) →Ag, Pb, Zn→Cu. The whole rock Rb-Sr isotopic isochron age of layered orebodies in the Gacun deposit is 204±14 Ma, indicating that the main stage of mineralization is Late Triassic in age. The continental volcanic-subvolcanic (porphyry) rock-type Ag deposits were formed later than the country rocks. The ores exhibit disseminated, veinlet disseminated, network and lumped structures. In addition, this study also deals with the geochemical characteristics of the continental volcanic-subvolcanic rock-type Ag deposits and the relations between Ag deposits or silver itself and fluorite, halogen-family elements and manganese.     

The Relationship Between Mineralogical Characteristics and Isotopic Composition of Sphalerite,as Exemplified by the Huxu Deposit,China

The relationship between mineralogical characteristics and isotopic composition of sulfides has not received its proper share of attention from geologists, although many references are available concerning the application of sulfur isotopes to geological problems. Located in the vicinity of the contact region between the Yangtze Platform and the South China Caledonian Folding Zone, the Huxu deposit is hosted in a structural zone in quartz-diorite-porphyrite emplaced in Jurassic volcanic rocks. Sphalerite and galena are the principal ore minerals in the deposit. (1) Sphalerite is highly variable in color and this variation can be related to its chemical composition and sulfur isotopic characters. Dark colored sphalerites are poor in Zn and Ni, rich in Pb, Cu, Fe, Ag and Au and have high δ³⁴S values, while the opposite is true for light-colored ones. (2) δ³⁴S of sphalerite is negatively correlated with the contents of Zn and Ni and positively correlated with the contents of Pb, Cu, Ag and Au, with the absolute values of the correlation coefficients being greater than 0.7. The above two characters suggest that the sulfur isotopic composition of sphalerite is controlled not only by the physicochemical conditions under which the mineral was formed, but also by mineralogical characteristics of the host mineral. (3) Apparent correlations exist among the constituent elements in the sphalerite. For example, Zn is negatively correlated with Cu, Pb, Fe, Ag and Au and positively correlated with Ni. (4) Sphalerites of the same color in the same hand specimen always show similar characters with respect to trace element and sulfur isotopes. (5) Two distinct trends of evolution can be recognized between Zn and Cu, Zn and Pb, Zn and Ag and between these elements on one hand and δ³⁴S on the other, reflecting that the ore-forming solutions may have resulted from mixing of fluids of different origins. (6) Pb is uniformly distributed in sphalerite and shows positive correlations with Cu, Fe, Ag and δ³⁴S, suggesting isomorphic substitution in the sphalerite lattice. This project was financially supported by the Open Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

水磷钙钍石在我国的发现及其研究

在白云鄂博地区发现的水磷钙钍石呈脉状产于元古代变质石英砂岩中,共生矿物有透辉石、金红石、磷灰石、重晶石、赤铁矿和黄铁矿等。颜色从浅黄色到红褐色乃至黑色,从透明至半透明以至不透明。红褐色水磷钙钍石为玻璃光泽,比重3.42,摩氏硬度4.28—4.29,磁化率(2.34—3.99)×10~(-6)C·G·S·m cm~3/g,平均折光率No=1.65,Ne=1,66,一轴晶(+)。 水磷钙钍石的化学式为:(Ca_(0.5751)Th_(0.4502)U_(0.0070)La_(0.0030))_(1.0353)(P_(0.7578)S_(0.0928))_(0.8506)O_4(CO_3)_(0.1603),0.9H_2O。六方晶系,晶胞参数a=6.94A,c=6.51A。     

白云鄂博“白云岩”地质地球化学特征及成因讨论

白云鄂博"白云岩"位于华北板块的北缘,宽沟背斜的南翼。蕴藏着世界最大的稀土矿床,还是大型—超大型铌、铁和钍等矿床赋存母岩。"白云岩"不是层状岩石,无明显的层理和固定的层位,而是一套大小不等,串珠状的"白云岩"带。"白云岩"与围岩呈明显的侵入关系。表现在"白云岩"切割H4石英砂岩、H5板岩和花岗岩脉,并有许多分枝脉插入到H4石英砂岩和H5板岩中。"白云岩"中存在H4石英砂岩的残留顶盖相,捕获了H4石英砂岩和H5板岩的捕掳体,并引起围岩的强烈蚀变。板岩的黑云化,石英砂岩的钠闪石化,花岗岩的碱交代。"白云岩"含有大量铌、稀土、钍等岩浆岩中常见的矿物晶体。硫、碳、氧、锶和铁等同位素组成都具有深源特征。说明白云鄂博"白云岩"不是沉积岩,而是岩浆碳酸岩。